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The Internet offers consumers a convenient method for purchasing drugs that is sometimes cheaper than buying from traditional brick-and-mortar pharmacies. According to a recent FDA survey, nearly 1 in 4 adult U.S. Internet consumers have purchased prescription drugs online. However, many Internet pharmacies are fraudulent enterprises that offer prescription drugs without a prescription and are not appropriately licensed. These rogue Internet pharmacies may sell drugs that are expired, improperly labeled, or are counterfeits of other drugs. A number of federal and state agencies share responsib

Internet pharmacies --- Electronic commerce --- Cybercommerce --- E-business --- E-commerce --- E-tailing --- eBusiness --- eCommerce --- Electronic business --- Internet commerce --- Internet retailing --- Online commerce --- Web retailing --- Commerce --- Information superhighway --- Internet drugstores --- Web drugstores --- Web pharmacies --- Drugstores --- Safety measures --- E-books --- Internet pharmacies. --- Security measures. --- Security measures

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Written by internationally acclaimed experts in the economics of innovation, this volume examines how the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector is affected by the dynamics of innovation, institutions, and public policy. It contributes both theoretically and empirically to the increasingly influential Schumpetarian framework in industrial economics, which places innovation at the centre of the analysis of competition. Both quantitative and qualitative studies are included, and this varied perspective adds to the richness of the volume's insights. The contributors explore different ideas regarding the historical evolution of technology in the sector, and how firms and industry structure have co-evolved with innovation dynamics. Important policy questions are considered regarding the future of innovation in this sector and its impact on the economy.

Drug Industry --- Biomedical Research --- Biomedical Technology --- Economics, Pharmaceutical --- Technology, Pharmaceutical --- Pharmaceutical biotechnology --- Research, Industrial --- Industrial organization (Economic theory) --- Technological innovations --- 338.730 --- 338.754.12 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 615.12 --- 615.12 Pharmaceutical laboratories and pharmacies --- Pharmaceutical laboratories and pharmacies --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Technology transfer --- Contract research --- Industrial research --- Research --- Engineering experiment stations --- Biopharmaceutical technology --- Drugs --- Biotechnology --- Pharmaceutical technology --- Industrial economics --- Market structure --- Microeconomics --- Extractieve nijverheid: algemeenheden --- Farmaceutische producten en parfumerie --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Pharmaceutical biotechnology. --- Research, Industrial. --- Technological innovations. --- Acqui 2006

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Out-of-pocket payments (OOPs) are direct (at the point of service) financial contributions or co-payments by patients and their families associated with consumption of medical products (such as medicines) and/or services. They can be formal as well as informal payments. Together with taxation, social and private health insurance contributions, they constitute the main sources of financing for medical products and services in all countries of the world. This policy note looks at prevalence and trends of OOPs in Moldova during 2007-2013, evaluates their impact on the population's economic well-being (section two), identifies key drivers of the current OOPs (section three), and, based on the analysis, suggests several policy options for government's consideration (section four).

Access to Health Services --- Children --- Communicable Diseases --- Doctors --- Employment --- Equity --- Expenditures --- Health --- Health Economics & Finance --- Health Insurance --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health System Performance --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Human Development --- Insurance --- International Comparisons --- Internet --- Living Standards --- Migration --- Nurses --- Pharmacies --- Population --- Poverty --- Price Elasticity --- Private Health Insurance --- Private Sector --- Public Health --- Quality Control --- Social Health Insurance --- Social Insurance --- Unemployment --- Workers

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Nicaragua, a largely urban country (56 percent of the population lives in urban areas), is one of the least populous (5.53 million) and poorest countries in CentralAmerica. Following reforms in the 1980s, Nicaragua made remarkable progress in gender equity in education and the labor force, while the wide availability of primary health care initiated in the 1970's, including family planning services, led to improvements in infant and child mortality rates. Several lessons emerge from Nicaragua's success at reducing fertility. The government was committed to gender equity and female empowerment through educating girls and women and recruiting women into the labor force. Family planning services were provided within a well functioning primary health care system, including an extensive, efficient contraceptive distribution network that works with international donors, and international and national Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to offer women a good mix of options. Demand must be created through a timely public education campaign. Success requires civic engagement with stakeholders, which may initially mean avoiding unnecessary confrontation and publicity of services for addressing the concerns of more conservative stakeholders.

Abortion --- Access to Education --- Access to Health Services --- Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Birth Control --- Cash Crops --- Child Health --- Child Mortality --- Civil Society Organizations --- Demographics --- Disasters --- Domestic Violence --- Drugs --- Educational Attainment --- Family Planning --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gross National Income --- Health Education --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Immunizations --- Infant Mortality --- Labor Market --- Life Expectancy --- Market Economy --- Measles --- Natural Disasters --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Pharmacies --- Pregnancy --- Primary Education --- Public Health --- Quality of Life --- Reproductive Health --- Secondary Education --- Sex Education --- Unions --- Urban Areas --- World Health Organization

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The Kamagayan Comprehensive Care Center (KC3) clients report being very satisfied with the comprehensive package of health services offered under the BCP and they feel welcome and accepted at the KC3. Community members in Kamagayan, including family members of the KC3 clients, also praise the service as an excellent intervention. Virtually all key stakeholders interviewed noted that the KC3 team had performed especially well in building trust between clients and their health service providers, families, and community. In that sense, community-based advocacy efforts were successful at generating an enabling environment for service delivery. The KC3 clients, family members, and community representatives also appreciated efforts from the KC3 team to promote demand reduction through counseling, Narcotics Anonymous (NA) sessions, and privileged access to the Argao Treatment and Rehabilitation Center (TRC). There is great demand and genuine interest among the KC3 clients and patients' clients to become peer educators and provide support to PWID. The professionalization of PWID through peer educator roles has also reportedly reduced stigma and discrimination and increased acceptance of PWID in the community. Should services for PWID be scaled up in Cebu and beyond, recruiting a workforce of peer educators should not be a critical challenge, an important lesson learned for future harm reduction projects in the Philippines.

Adolescent Health --- Aids --- Alcoholism --- Amphetamines --- Capacity Building --- Children --- Civil Society Organizations --- Communication Channels --- Crime --- Discrimination --- Drugs --- Epidemiology --- Good Governance --- Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health System Performance --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv/Aids --- Human Development --- Human Rights --- Hygiene --- Informed Consent --- Injecting Drug Users --- Malaria --- Marketing --- Needs Assessment --- Peer Groups --- Pharmacies --- Posters --- Prevention --- Prostitution --- Public Health --- Respect --- Sex Workers --- Sterilization --- Substance Abuse --- Technical Assistance --- Tuberculosis --- Women --- Workers --- World Health Organization