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China is increasing its outlay on research and development and seeking to build an innovation system that will deliver quick results not just in absorbing technology but also in pushing the technological envelope. China's spending on R&D rose from 1.1 percent of GDP in 2000 to 1.3 percent of GDP in 2005. On a purchasing power parity basis, China's research outlay was among the world's highest, far greater than that of Brazil, India, or Mexico. Chinese firms are active in the fields of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, alternative energy sources, and nanotechnology. This surge in spending has been parallel by a sharp increase in patent applications in China, with the bulk of the patents registered in the areas of electronics, information technology, and telecoms. However, of the almost 50,000 patents granted in China, nearly two-thirds were to nonresidents. This paper considers two questions that are especially important for China. First, how might China go about accelerating technology development? Second, what measures could most cost-effectively deliver the desired outcomes? It concludes that although the level of financing for R&D is certainly important, technological advance is closely keyed to absorptive capacity which is a function of the volume and quality of talent and the depth as well as the heterogeneity of research experience. It is also a function of how companies maximize the commercial benefits of research and development, and the coordination of research with production and marketing.

Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems --- Agriculture --- E-Business --- Education --- Electronics --- Engineering --- Equipment --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Industry --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Information technology --- Innovations --- Nanotechnology --- New technologies --- Private Sector Development --- Rural Development --- Technological capabilities --- Technological Capability --- Technology Industry --- Technology transfer --- Tertiary Education

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This paper examines the impact on total factor productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and in other developing countries of trade-related technology diffusion from the North) (denoted by NRD), education, and governance, research and development The NRD value for a developing country is an average of R&D stocks in the North, with weights related to openness with the North. Industry-specific NRD is based on the North's industry-specific R&D, North-South trade patterns, and input-output relations in the South. The main findings are: i) the impact of education and governance on TFP is significantly larger in LAC than in other developing countries, while the opposite holds for NRD; and ii) education, governance and NRD have additional effects on TFP in LAC's R&D-intensive industries through their interaction with either or both of the other two variables; and iii) since NRD increases with openness and with R&D in the North, both variables raise the South's TFP directly as well as through their interaction with education and governance. These interaction effects imply that increasing the level of any of the three policy variables - education, governance, or openness --results in virtuous growth cycles. These are smallest under an increase in one of these variables, stronger under an increase in two of them and strongest under an increase in all three variables.

Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems --- Agriculture --- Business regulations --- E-Business --- Economics --- Equipment --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Growth cycle --- Growth Cycles --- Human capital --- Innovation --- Innovations --- International trade --- Inventory --- Manufacturing --- Manufacturing industries --- New technologies --- Private Sector Development --- Productivity --- R&D --- Research and Development --- Result --- Results --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge & Information Systems --- Science and Technology Development --- Textiles --- Web --- Wood

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May 2000 - How much a developing country can take advantage of technology transfer from foreign direct investment depends partly on how well educated and well trained its workforce is, how much it is willing to invest in research and development, and how much protection it offers for intellectual property rights. Saggi surveys the literature on trade and foreign direct investment - especially wholly owned subsidiaries of multinational firms and international joint ventures - as channels for technology transfer. He also discusses licensing and other arm's-length channels of technology transfer. He concludes: How trade encourages growth depends on whether knowledge spillover is national or international. Spillover is more likely to be national for developing countries than for industrial countries; Local policy often makes pure foreign direct investment infeasible, so foreign firms choose licensing or joint ventures. The jury is still out on whether licensing or joint ventures lead to more learning by local firms; Policies designed to attract foreign direct investment are proliferating. Several plant-level studies have failed to find positive spillover from foreign direct investment to firms competing directly with subsidiaries of multinationals. (However, these studies treat foreign direct investment as exogenous and assume spillover to be horizontal - when it may be vertical.) All such studies do find the subsidiaries of multinationals to be more productive than domestic firms, so foreign direct investment does result in host countries using resources more effectively; Absorptive capacity in the host country is essential for getting significant benefits from foreign direct investment. Without adequate human capital or investments in research and development, spillover fails to materialize; A country's policy on protection of intellectual property rights affects the type of industry it attracts. Firms for which such rights are crucial (such as pharmaceutical firms) are unlikely to invest directly in countries where such protections are weak, or will not invest in manufacturing and research and development activities. Policy on intellectual property rights also influences whether technology transfer comes through licensing, joint ventures, or the establishment of wholly owned subsidiaries. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study microfoundations of international technology diffusion. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Microfoundations of International Technology Diffusion. The author may be contacted at ksaggi@mail.smu.edu.

Attributes --- Basic --- E-Business --- E-Mail --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Foreign Direct Investment --- High Technology --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Industry --- Information --- Information and Communication Technologies --- International Economics & Trade --- Inventors --- Know-How --- Knowledge Economy --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Microfinance --- New Technologies --- Outsourcing --- Private Sector Development --- Semiconductor --- Semiconductor Industry --- Social Protections and Labor --- Systems --- Technological Change --- Technologies --- Technology --- Technology Industry --- Technology Licensing --- Technology Spillovers --- Technology Transfer --- Trade and Regional Integration

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Tachygraphe, parlographe, dictaphone, dactylotype, machine à écrire, cyclostyle, fiches, bons et formulaires, calculateurs éclairs, machines comptables, adressographes et autres machines à statistiques, téléphones, transporteurs mécaniques, pointeuses, diagrammes et graphiques : de la fin du XIXe siècle jusqu’aux années 1940, les sociétés occidentales connaissent un intense « moment mécanique » de production de l’information, une révolution matérielle de l’écrit et du calcul, qui va de pair avec la tertiarisation des économies et annonce la future « révolution informatique ».Ce livre propose un panorama des transformations cognitives et matérielles qui façonnent les sociétés et les économies occidentales de la fin du XVIIIe aux années 1940. Centré sur les « arts de faire », il envisage la façon dont des activités très ordinaires (écrire, calculer, classer, etc.) et les valeurs qui leur sont associées dessinent un certain moment de la démocratie, du gouvernement et de l’économie. Le lecteur est conduit vers un univers foisonnant et oublié de savoirs et d’astuces, d’inventions et de procédés, de langages, d’idées et de théories nouvelles.Dans cette frénésie mécanicienne, la multiplication des accessoires, ces monstres de papier, un nouveau monde s’invente et, avec lui, les possibilités d’intervention sur le monde. Au-delà des mutations du capitalisme, la démocratie se trouve redéfinie, les formes du gouvernement élargies. Avec cette histoire au ras des objets et des gestes, Delphine Gardey entreprend une archéologie inédite des sociétés contemporaines et éclaire autrement les liens entre techniques, société et politique.

Communication --- Office practice --- Office equipment and supplies --- Technologies de l'information et de la communication --- Travail de bureau --- Bureaux --- Technological innovations --- Social aspects --- History --- Aspect social --- Appareils et matériel --- Histoire --- Écriture --- --Histoire des techniques --- --XIXe s.-1940, --- Automatisation --- --Information technology --- Written communication --- Copying processes --- Cities and towns --- Information technology --- Social change --- Automation --- Effect of technological innovations on --- Social History --- Information and New Technologies --- Socio-Cultural Mutations --- 19th-20th Century --- AA / International- internationaal --- 331.100 --- 331.20 --- 203 --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden. --- Sociale geschiedenis: algemeenheden. --- Sociografie. Algemene beschrijving van de gemeenschappen (Sociologie). --- Technique et civilisation --- Mécanisation --- Appareils et matériel --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- Secretarial practice --- Office management --- IT (Information technology) --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Autographic processes --- Commercial correspondence --- Duplicating processes --- Manifolding --- Reproduction processes --- Reprography --- Typewriting --- Writing --- Copying --- Copying services --- Documentation --- Letter services --- Written discourse --- Written language --- Discourse analysis --- Language and languages --- Visual communication --- Automation&delete& --- Sociografie. Algemene beschrijving van de gemeenschappen (Sociologie) --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden --- Sociale geschiedenis: algemeenheden --- Histoire. --- History. --- Histoire des techniques --- XIXe s.-1940, 1800-1940 --- Information technology - Technological innovations --- Written communication - Technological innovations --- Office practice - Automation - Social aspects --- Copying processes - Technological innovations --- Cities and towns - Effect of technological innovations on --- Information technology - Social aspects --- Social change - Effect of technological innovations on --- Technological innovations - Social aspects - History - 20th century --- Technological innovations - Social aspects - History - 19th century