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Nanotechnology is an emerging and promising field for advanced applications in industrial, commercial and medical sectors, and nanomaterials can be found today in sunscreens, deodorants and textiles. Yet these nanomaterials, which are increasing in number, are entering waste streams as part of end-of-life products along with conventional waste, without any real understanding of their environmental impacts or health risks on human beings and living organisms. This report provides a literature review on four specific waste treatment processes (recycling, incineration, landfilling and wastewater treatment). While state-of-the-art waste treatment facilities may collect, divert or eliminate nanomaterials from these waste streams, the report concludes that knowledge gaps associated with their final disposal remain, underlining the need for further research in this area.

Environment --- Nanostructured materials --- Wastewater treatment and reuse. --- Environmental aspects. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology

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The foreign exchange market is the largest, fastest-growing financial market in the world. Yet conventional macroeconomic approaches do not explain why people trade foreign exchange. At the same time, they fail to explain the short-run determinants of the exchange rate. These nine innovative essays use a microstructure approach to analyze the workings of the foreign exchange market, with special emphasis on institutional aspects and the actual behavior of market participants. They examine the volume of transactions, heterogeneity of traders, the time of day and location of trading, the bid-ask spread, and the high level of exchange rate volatility that has puzzled many observers. They also consider the structure of the market, including such issues as nontransparency, asymmetric information, liquidity trading, the use of automated brokers, the relationship between spot and derivative markets, and the importance of systemic risk in the market. This timely volume will be essential reading for anyone interested in the economics of international finance.

International finance --- Foreign exchange --- -339.74 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 333.825 --- 305.92 --- 333.450 --- 333.451.1 --- NBB congres --- -332.45 --- Cambistry --- Currency exchange --- Exchange, Foreign --- Foreign currency --- Foreign exchange problem --- Foreign money --- Forex --- FX (Finance) --- International exchange --- Currency crises --- Congresses --- Monetaire buitenlandse politiek. Deviezenpolitiek --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies. --- Econometrie van de internationale handel. Handelsbalans, betalingsbalans. Wissel. --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit. --- Wisselkoersen. --- Congresses. --- 339.74 Monetaire buitenlandse politiek. Deviezenpolitiek --- 332.45 --- 339.74 --- Econometrie van de internationale handel. Handelsbalans, betalingsbalans. Wissel --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit --- Wisselkoersen --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies --- E-books --- Banks and banking, International. --- International banking --- Offshore banking (Finance) --- Transnational banking --- Financial institutions, International --- markets, economics, economy, money, finances, exchange, financial market, macroeconomics, microstructure approach, institutions, institutional context, participants, behavior, transactions, traders, trade, volatility, nontransparency, asymmetric information, liquidity trading, automated brokers, derivative, systemic risk, foreign, turnover, risks, interdealer, decentralized, hedging, capital controls, reuters.