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This research analyzes the evolution of maternity and paternity leave across the world, covering 190 countries over 52 years. The data show striking differences both within and between countries in how leave distribution for parents upon the birth of a child has evolved. The study finds that, across all regions, there have been notable increases in the number of leave days a mother can take. The absolute increase in the number of leave days for mothers has been greatest in Europe and Central Asia, followed by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development high-income economies. However, apart from the high-income economies, the number of leave days allocated to fathers has increased by only a fraction of the amount for mothers. An analysis of the correlations between relative leave allocation and women's labor market outcomes suggests that where the disparity in the allocation of leave days is greater, women's participation in the labor market may be lower. However, the study finds no evidence of any association between the gender gap in leave allocation and other labor market outcomes, including the gender wage gap and women's representation at the managerial level.

Maternity leave.

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Pregnant women --- Parental leave --- Maternity leave --- Femmes enceintes --- Congé parental --- Congé de maternité --- Employment --- Law and legislation --- Travail --- Droit --- 658.330 --- Bijzondere vraagstukken in verband met personeel: algemeenheden. --- bien-être --- vergoeding --- legislation sociale --- welzijn --- indemnité --- Bijzondere vraagstukken in verband met personeel: algemeenheden --- protection au travail --- bescherming op het werk --- droit social --- arbeidsrecht --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 349.1 --- sociaal recht --- droit du travail --- Sociale wetgeving --- Social law. Labour law --- Belgium --- Family leave

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Afdeling 1 : Rechtsbescherming - Afdeling 2 : Welzijn op het werk - Afdeling 3 : Prenatale consultaties - Afdeling 4 : Moederschapsverlof - Afdeling 5 : Omzetting van moederschapsverlof in vaderschapsverlof - Afdeling 6 : Borstvoedingspauzes - Afdeling 7 : Moederschapsverzekering

CPBW (comité voor preventie en bescherming van de werknemers) --- moederschap --- werknemers --- zwangerschap --- arbeidsrecht --- Social law. Labour law --- 131 Arbeidsrecht --- 331.817.4 --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 349.1 --- 332.71 --- 332.814 --- 332.820 --- 658.330 --- 351.84*7 <493> --- V19 - Suspension du contrat de travail - Opschorting van een arbeidscontract --- zwangerschapsverlof - bevallingsverlof - ouderschapsverlof --- Sociale wetgeving. --- Vrouwen- en jongerenarbeid. --- Vakantie. --- Hygiëne. Veiligheid. Comfort. (algemeenheden). --- Bijzondere vraagstukken in verband met personeel: algemeenheden. --- Medisch recht. Gezondheidsrecht. Wetgeving i.v.m. ziekenhuizen--België --- 351.84*7 <493> Medisch recht. Gezondheidsrecht. Wetgeving i.v.m. ziekenhuizen--België --- sociale wetgeving --- vrouwenproblematiek --- legislation sociale --- problematique des femmes --- Sociale wetgeving --- Vrouwen- en jongerenarbeid --- Vakantie --- Hygiëne. Veiligheid. Comfort. (algemeenheden) --- Bijzondere vraagstukken in verband met personeel: algemeenheden --- Maternity leave --- Law and legislation --- Government policy --- European Union countries

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Social norms affect almost every aspect of people's lives, and can be an obstacle to or support economic development. This paper outlines what social norms are and how they work, providing examples from everyday life and from development case studies. Sometimes not much can be done about changing undesirable social norms. In those cases, development economists need to be aware of how the existence of those norms can impact the effects of the policies they advocate. But of particular importance to development economists is the ways in which social norms can be changed, at least under some circumstances. Understanding of social norm change is still patchy at best, but the paper outlines the theoretical underpinnings of change, with empirical evidence from various policies aimed at changing social norms. However, some of those policies raise ethical concerns that would require attention.

Abuse --- Access to finance --- Adoption --- Alcohol --- Altruism --- Anthropologist --- Anthropology --- Beliefs --- Child care --- Child-rearing --- Circumcision --- Civil war --- Condom --- Condoms --- Cooperation --- Cultural differences --- Culture & development --- Cultures --- Developing countries --- Development efforts --- Development policy --- Discrimination --- Domestic violence --- Drugs --- Economic growth --- Education of women --- Employment opportunities --- Ethics --- Ethics & belief systems --- Ethnicity --- Ethnographic evidence --- Ethnography --- Exogamy --- Family members --- Fatherhood --- Female "circumcision" --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital mutilation --- Female sexuality --- Gender --- Gender & social development --- Gender equality --- Gender norms --- Gender relations --- Gender roles --- Genital cutting --- Girls --- Health impact --- Health, nutrition and population anthropology --- Household income --- Household work --- Households --- Human behavior --- Human behaviour --- Husbands --- Impact on children --- Land tenure --- Living-standards --- Machismo --- Mandates --- Masculinity --- Maternity leave --- Media --- Modernization --- Moral norms --- Morality --- Mother --- Mutilation --- Ownership of land --- Parental leave --- Participatory process --- Peace --- Peer pressure --- Policy-makers --- Political change --- Population policies --- Pregnancies --- Principles --- Property --- Property rights --- Public policy --- Public service --- Religion --- Ritual --- Role models --- Rural communities --- Safe sex --- Sex --- Sexual violence --- Sexuality --- Smarriage --- Soap operas --- Social change --- Social development --- Social group --- Social inequality --- Social information --- Social interactions --- Social issues --- Social life --- Social marketing --- Social meanings --- Social norms --- Social policy --- Social practice --- Social pressure finance and financial sector development --- Social psychology --- Social security --- Social status --- Societies --- Sociobiology --- Substance abuse --- Taboo --- Teenagers --- Television network --- Unplanned pregnancies --- Violence against women --- War --- Women --- Young men --- Young people --- Young women