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Book
Arithmetics and Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Abstract

The 2015 United Nations resolution on Financing for Development stresses the importance of effective resource mobilization and use of domestic resources to pursue sustainable development. The first Sustainable Development Goal is to eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere by 2030. This paper proposes an accounting exercise to assess whether it is feasible for countries to eliminate poverty using only domestic resources, in other words, by mere redistribution. Moreover, the paper argues that the concentration of resources in the hands of fewer individuals in the society may hinder the feasibility of implementing effective fiscal policies (from the revenue side and the social spending side) to reduce poverty. The paper provides a new tool to assess the capacity of countries to eliminate poverty through redistribution, and a new tool to approximate the concentration of political influence in a country. The new methodologies are applied to the most recent surveys available for more than 120 developing countries. The findings show that countries with the same fiscal capacity to mobilize resources for poverty eradication differ widely in the political feasibility of such redistribution policies.


Book
Becoming Legible to the State : The Role of Detection and Enforcement Capacity in Tax Compliance
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Year: 2021 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Tax revenue in many low-income countries is inadequate for funding government investment in infrastructure and public services. This paper examines two dimensions of low state capacity that hinder tax collection: the inability to ascertain the tax base (detection capacity) and the inability to enforce unpaid liabilities (enforcement capacity). A randomized experiment with Liberian property owners finds that using identifying information from a newly developed property database to alert property owners that their noncompliance has been detected quadruples the tax payment rate, but only when the notice includes details on the penalties for noncompliance. A second experiment finds a further increase in compliance from signaling greater enforcement probability to delinquent property owners. These results highlight the importance of investments in both detection and enforcement capacity.


Book
The Fiscal Framework And Urban Infrastructure Finance In China
Authors: ---
Year: 2006 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,

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China has experienced more than 25 years of extraordinary economic growth. Underlying this growth has been a decentralized fiscal system, in which provinces and large cities are given the freedom to make infrastructure investments to stimulate local development, and are allowed to retain a large part of the fiscal revenues that are generated from economic activity. Although successful as a growth strategy, this policy created two problems for national fiscal management. First, it significantly reduced the central government's share of fiscal revenues, which fell from 34.8 percent in 1980 to 22 percent in 1992. Second, it widened economic and fiscal disparities between the rapidly growing urban coastal region and the rest of the country. Rapid growth in subnational debt (which rose 23-fold in a decade) and subnational nonperforming loans (estimated by the authors to range between USD 100 billion and USD 150 billion) has placed pressure on China's financial system. Traditionally, China has favored bank lending as a source of finance because the banking system has provided a vehicle for central political control over local debt. But as China's financial system matures, creditworthiness standards must become more important. The authors recommend greater use of the revenue streams from infrastructure assets as a financing source, and gradual relaxation of central political control over subnational debt. One step in this direction would permit leading cities to issue municipal bonds based on objective financial standards.


Book
Pillars of Prosperity : The Political Economics of Development Clusters
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1283169045 9786613169044 140084052X 9781400840526 0691152683 Year: 2011 Publisher: Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press,

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Abstract

"Little else is required to carry a state to the highest degree of opulence from the lowest barbarism, but peace, easy taxes, and a tolerable administration of justice; all the rest being brought about by the natural course of things." So wrote Adam Smith a quarter of a millennium ago. Using the tools of modern political economics and combining economic theory with a bird's-eye view of the data, this book reinterprets Smith's pillars of prosperity to explain the existence of development clusters--places that tend to combine effective state institutions, the absence of political violence, and high per-capita incomes. To achieve peace, the authors stress the avoidance of repressive government and civil conflict. Easy taxes, they argue, refers not to low taxes, but a tax system with widespread compliance that collects taxes at a reasonable cost from a broad base, like income. And a tolerable administration of justice is about legal infrastructure that can support the enforcement of contracts and property rights in line with the rule of law. The authors show that countries tend to enjoy all three pillars of prosperity when they have evolved cohesive political institutions that promote common interests, guaranteeing the provision of public goods. In line with much historical research, international conflict has also been an important force behind effective states by fostering common interests. The absence of common interests and/or cohesive political institutions can explain the existence of very different development clusters in fragile states that are plagued by poverty, violence, and weak state capacity.

Keywords

Economic policy --- Economic development --- Business incubators --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Business hatcheries --- Experimental innovation centers (Business) --- Hatcheries, Business --- Incubator industrial parks --- Incubator space (Business) --- Incubators (Entrepreneurship) --- New business incubators --- Industrial districts --- Entrepreneurship --- New business enterprises --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Adam Smith. --- Pillars of Prosperity Index. --- business environment. --- civil conflict. --- civil war. --- developing countries. --- development assistance. --- economic analysis. --- economic development. --- economic institutions. --- economic policy. --- economic theory. --- economics. --- fiscal capacity. --- fragile states. --- governance. --- government. --- income. --- international conflict. --- investment. --- investments. --- justice. --- micropolitics. --- military assistance. --- political economics. --- political reform. --- political stability. --- political turnover. --- political violence. --- poverty. --- prosperity. --- public-finance models. --- repression. --- repressive government. --- state building. --- state capacity. --- tax system. --- technical assistance. --- total factor productivity. --- trust. --- Business incubators. --- Economic development. --- Economic policy. --- Economics.

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