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The association between hygiene, sanitation, and health is well documented, yet thousands of children die each year from exposure to contaminated fecal matter. At the same time, evidence on the effectiveness of at-scale behavior change intervent
Behavior Change --- Field Experiment --- Handwashing --- Health --- Sanitation
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Many research and policy questions surrounding migration are causal questions. We want to know what causes people to migrate, and what the consequences of migration are for the migrants, their families, and their communities. However, answering these questions requires dealing with the self-selection inherent in migration choices. Field and natural experiments offer methodological approaches that enable answering these causal questions. We discuss the key conceptual and logistical issues that face applied researchers when applying these methods to the study of migration, as well as providing guidance for practitioners and policymakers in assessing the credibility of causal claims. For randomized experiments, this includes providing a framework for thinking through what can be randomized; discussing key measurement and design issues that arise from issues such as migration being a rare event, and in measuring welfare changes when people change locations; as well as discussing ethical issues that can arise. We then outline what makes for a good natural experiment in the context of migration and discuss the implications of recent econometric work for the use of difference-in-differences, instrumental variables (and especially shift-share instruments), and regression discontinuity methods in migration research. A key lesson from this recent work is that it is not meaningful to talk about “the†impact of migration, but rather impacts are likely to be heterogeneous, affecting both the validity and interpretation of causal estimates.
Emigration and immigration --- Field experiments. --- Research.
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The majority of enterprises in many developing countries have no paid workers. This paper reports on a field experiment conducted in Sri Lanka that provided wage subsidies to randomly chosen microenterprises to test whether hiring additional labor would benefit such firms. In the presence of labor market frictions, a short-term subsidy could have a lasting impact on firm employment. Using 12 rounds of surveys to track dynamics four years after the end of the subsidy, the study finds that firms increased employment during the subsidy period, but there was no lasting impact on employment, profitability, or sales. Two supplementary interventions and treatment heterogeneity suggest the lack of impact is not due to complementarities with capital or management skills, and detailed survey data help rule out a number of theoretical mechanisms that could result in sub-optimally low employment. The study concludes that the urban labor market facing microenterprises does not have large frictions that would prevent own-account workers from becoming employers.
Field Experiment --- Labor Market Frictions --- Microenterprise
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Although the concept of randomized assignment to control for extraneous factors reaches back hundreds of years, the first empirical use appears to have been in an 1835 trial of homeopathic medicine. Throughout the 19th century, there was primarily a growing awareness of the need for careful comparison groups, albeit often without the realization that randomization could be a particularly clean method to achieve that goal. In the second and more crucial phase of this history, four separate but related disciplines introduced randomized control trials within a few years of one another in the 1920s: agricultural science, clinical medicine, educational psychology, and social policy (specifically political science). Randomized control trials brought more rigor to fields that were in the process of expanding their purviews and focusing more on causal relationships. In the third phase, the 1950s through the 1970s saw a surge of interest in more applied randomized experiments in economics and elsewhere, in the lab and especially in the field.
Field Experiment --- Lab Experiment --- Randomization --- RCT --- Selection Bias
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This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in petroleum production at oil wells. The document presents standard approaches for estimating the environmental releases of and occupational exposures to oil production chemicals.
Oil fields --- Oil field chemicals --- Production methods --- Production methods in oil fields --- Oil reservoir engineering --- Chemicals
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This paper uses a randomized controlled trial to study the effects of access to agent banking. Individuals were encouraged to open an account and transact at a banking agent or a branch of a financial institution. Compared with individuals who were sent to the branch, individuals sent to an agent increased the number of transactions and incurred lower transaction costs with the agent. These transactions are, however, only half as large as those made at the branch because branch tellers are less likely to share information about clients with others. Banking with agents thus entails a trade-off between lower transaction costs and lack of privacy.
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This study reports results from a randomized evaluation of a mandatory six-month Internet-based sexual education course implemented across public junior high schools in 21 Colombian cities. Six months after finishing the course, the study finds a 0.4 standard deviation improvement in knowledge, a 0.2 standard deviation improvement in attitudes, and a 55 percent increase in the likelihood of redeeming vouchers for condoms as a result of taking the course. The data provide no evidence of spillovers to control classrooms within treatment schools, and it finds that treatment effects are enhanced when a larger share of a student's friends also takes the course. The low cost of the online course along with the effectiveness the study documents suggests this technology is a viable alternative for improving sexual education in middle-income countries.
Field Experiment --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Information Technologies --- Internet --- Reproductive Health --- Sex Education --- Teenagers
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Finance, Personal. --- Journalists --- Porter, Sylvia Field, --- Finance, Personal --- Financial management, Personal --- Financial planning, Personal --- Personal finance --- Personal financial management --- Personal financial planning --- Planning --- Porter, S. F., --- Feldman, Sylvia Field, --- Finance --- Financial literacy --- Porter, Sylvia, --- E-books
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En 2016, la France organise le Championnat d’Europe de football (l'Euro 2016), compétition réunissant vingt-quatre pays dans dix villes de l’Hexagone. Cette compétition est généralement considérée comme le troisième événement sportif mondial en termes de retombées médiatiques, après les Jeux Olympiques et la Coupe du Monde de football. Elle suscite donc également d’importants espoirs quant à ses retombées économiques au niveau local. Ce rapport expose les défis que l'Euro 2016 peut représenter pour la France, tout en mettant en évidence les opportunités et les pratiques innovantes qui émergent à chaque événement. L'Euro 2016 a été l'occasion pour chacune des villes hôtes de mettre l’accent sur plusieurs dimensions de leurs stratégies de développement local et de développer partenariats, approches collaboratives et méthodes de travail. Ce rapport présente dix études de cas riches d’enseignements pour bien articuler les stratégies et les actions locales. Celles-ci sont essentielles pour que l'Euro 2016 soit, au-delà d’un événement sportif majeur, un véritable catalyseur d’investissements, de créations d'emplois, d’innovation sociale et de développement durable dans chaque ville.
Sports --- International cooperation. --- Field sports --- Pastimes --- Recreations --- Recreation --- Athletics --- Games --- Outdoor life --- Physical education and training --- France
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From baseball Hall of Famer Kirby Puckett's untimely death, to pickup soccer games among misfit high-schoolers, to the most obscure nicknames and unusual mascots in college sports, this book collects memorable commentaries from Littlefield's popular NPR sports talk show, as well as many essays.
Sports. --- Field sports --- Pastimes --- Recreations --- Recreation --- Athletics --- Games --- Outdoor life --- Physical education and training --- Sports --- E-books
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