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Energy poverty is a frequently used term among energy specialists, but unfortunately the concept is rather loosely defined. Several existing approaches measure energy poverty by defining an energy poverty line as the minimum quantity of physical energy needed to perform such basic tasks as cooking and lighting. This paper proposes an alternative measure that is based on energy demand. The energy poverty line is defined as the threshold point at which energy consumption begins to rise with increases in household income. This approach was applied to cross-sectional data from a comprehensive 2005 household survey representative of both urban and rural India. The findings suggest that in rural areas some 57 percent of households are energy poor, versus 22 percent that are income poor. For urban areas the energy poverty rate is 28 percent compared with 20 percent that are income poor. Policies to reduce energy poverty would include support for rural electrification, the promotion of more modern cooking fuels, and encouraging greater adoption of improved biomass stoves. A combination of these programs would play a significant role in reducing energy poverty in rural India.

Cooking --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy needs --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy requirements --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Household income --- Household surveys --- Income --- Income poverty --- Poverty lines --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural --- Rural electrification --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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April 2000 - The natural gas pipelines between Argentina and Chile are large-scale investments in competitive environments. Jadresic, a former minister of energy in Chile, argues that a competitive energy sector and free entry were important policy initiatives to spur the cross-border investments that have benefited Chile's energy sector and environment. Increasing demand for clean energy sources is expanding investment in natural gas infrastructure around the world. Many international projects involve pipelines connecting energy markets in two or more countries. A key feature of investment taking place in Latin America is the convergence of gas and electricity markets. Many projects are being developed to supply gas to new power generation plants needed to meet electricity demand. Construction of a pipeline over the Andes mountains to supply gas from Argentina to energy markets in central Chile was an idea long unfulfilled for political, economic, and technical reasons. Great changes have now taken place in a very short time. Jadresic discusses both the achievements and the challenges to be faced by pipeline developers and Chile's energy sector. He details the benefits of the cooperative effort to consumers in terms of lower energy prices, higher environmental standards, and a more reliable energy system. The experience in Latin America's Southern Cone shows how technological innovation, economic deregulation, and regional integration make it possible to build major international gas pipeline projects within a competitive framework and without direct state involvement. This paper - a product of Private Participation in Infrastructure, Private Sector Advisory Services Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to analyze and disseminate the principles of, and good practice for, promoting competition in infrastructure. The author may be contacted at jadresic@creuna.cl.

Coal --- Coal Mines --- Electricity --- Electricity Demand --- Electricity System --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Markets --- Energy Needs --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Industry --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Infrastructure Regulation --- Investment --- Investments --- Natural Gas --- Natural Gas Infrastructure --- Natural Gas Pipelines --- Oil --- Oil and Gas Industry --- Pipeline --- Pipeline Projects --- Power --- Power Generation --- Power Generators --- Water and Industry --- Water Resources

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La 4e de couverture indique : "Indispensable mais mal aimée, abondante mais parfois polluante, chère mais souvent gaspillée, l'énergie reste l'irremplaçable sang qui irrigue l'économie mondiale, le moteur de la croissance, engendrant à la fois paix et conflits. Les problématiques énergétiques ont d'abord été techniques (extraction des ressources), économiques (gestion des ressources) et géopolitiques (propriété des ressources). Aujourd'hui, elles sont devenues parfois uniquement politiques. Avec la montée en puissance des pays émergents de plus en plus consommateurs d'énergie, la répartition des ressources de la planète prend, pour nos pays industrialisés, tin tour géopolitique préoccupant. En effet, nous devons assurer notre approvisionnement alors que notre intérêt pour le développement durable nous pousse à refréner cet appétit, entraînant parfois des choix politiques contradictoires. L'un des meilleurs spécialistes européens de l'énergie, Samuele Furfari, qui signe ici son cinquième livre, va à l'encontre des lieux communs et des idées toutes faites. Il nous explique que, malgré le développement soutenu des énergies renouvelables et une capacité énergétique en progrès constant, l'énergie fossile, même mal répartie géographiquement, n'a jamais autant dominé la scène mondiale. Au .XXIe siècle, elle a encore de beaux jours devant elle. Au moyen de données précises, d'explications claires, de mises en perspective des situations géopolitiques, avec une rigueur académique et une solide pédagogie, l'auteur conduit le lecteur à partager ses connaissances acquises au cours de longues années de gestion des dossiers à la Commission européenne."

Power resources --- Energy industries --- Ressources énergétiques --- Industries énergétiques --- Energy policy --- Political aspects --- BPB1207 --- Politique énergétique --- Géopolitique --- Production d'énergie --- Disponibilité énergétique --- Indépendance énergétique --- Approvisionnement énergétique --- Demande énergétique --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.012 --- 338.013 --- 327.1 --- Energiebeleid --- Geopolitiek --- Energieproductie --- Beschikbaarheid van energie --- Onafhankelijkheid van energie --- Energievoorziening --- Energiebehoefte --- Energie (productiefactor). --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen. --- Buitenlandse politiek. Economische sancties. --- Ressources énergétiques --- Industries énergétiques --- Energy --- Energy resources --- Power supply --- Natural resources --- Energy harvesting --- Energy and state --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation --- Industries --- Buitenlandse politiek. Economische sancties --- Energie (productiefactor) --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Government policy --- produkcja energii --- prodhim energjie --- energia tootmine --- производња енергије --- energy production --- energijos gamyba --- producción de energía --- енергийна продукция --- proizvodnja energije --- enerģijas ražošana --- Energieerzeugung --- energiantuotanto --- energiproduktion --- produzzjoni tal-enerġija --- energieproductie --- výroba energie --- производство на енергија --- energiatermelés --- produzione d'energia --- producție energetică --- produção de energia --- παραγωγή ενέργειας --- kraftproduktion --- producción energética --- jõutootmine --- power production --- ενεργειακή παραγωγή --- elektroenerģijas izstrāde --- voimantuotanto --- production énergétique --- elektros energijos gamyba --- výroba elektrickej energie --- energetická produkce --- produzione energetica --- energieproduktie --- produção energética --- energetická politika --- energetikos politika --- energetska politika --- energiapoliitika --- energiapolitiikka --- енергийна политика --- politika tal-enerġija --- ενεργειακή πολιτική --- política energética --- Energiepolitik --- politica energetica --- energiebeleid --- energiapolitika --- energipolitik --- enerģētikas politika --- politică energetică --- politikë energjetike --- energy policy --- енергетска политика --- polityka energetyczna --- strategia energetica --- obiettivo energetico --- политика за енергетика --- politica energetica nazionale --- мерки за енергетска ефикасност --- atomprogram --- opzione energetica --- atompolitik --- politica dell'energia --- piano energetico --- енергетска стратегија --- sviluppo energetico --- energetinė nepriklausomybė --- енергийно самоосигуряване --- soběstačnost v zásobování energií --- indipendenza energetica --- sebestačnosť v energii --- awtosuffiċjenza enerġetika --- energioberoende --- енергетска независност --- energiaomavaraisuus --- independență energetică --- Unabhängigkeit in der Energieversorgung --- samooskrba z energijo --- ενεργειακή ανεξαρτησία --- energetikai függetlenség --- energiasõltumatus --- pavarësi në furnizimin me energji --- enerģētiskā neatkarība --- niezależność energetyczna --- neovisnost u energetici --- self-sufficiency in energy --- independência energética --- onafhankelijkheid van energie --- independencia energética --- energiuafhængighed --- ενεργειακή αυτονομία --- energiariippuvuus --- Abhängigkeit in der Energieversorgung --- energetická nezávislost --- dependência energética --- dependență energetică --- dépendance énergétique --- dipendenza energetica --- dependence on energy --- energetinis nepriklausomumas --- ενεργειακή εξάρτηση --- независност во снабдувањето со енергија --- energetinis priklausomumas --- energiberoende --- varësi nga energjia --- afhankelijkheid van energie --- dependencia energética --- energiafhængighed --- energetická závislost --- závislosť od energie --- dipendenza dal petrolio --- енергетска зависност --- energetikai függés --- energetska ovisnost --- enerģētiskā atkarība --- energiasõltuvus --- razpoložljivi energetski viri --- verfügbare Energiemenge --- расположиви извори енергије --- disponibilidades energéticas --- raspoloživi energetski izvori --- kasutusel olevad energiaressursid --- beschikbaarheid van energie --- dostępne zasoby energii --- rendelkezésre álló energiaforrások --- available energy resources --- διαθέσιμοι ενεργειακοί πόροι --- disponibilità d'energia --- енергийна наличност --- resurse energetice disponibile --- disponibilidad de energía --- dosažitelné zdroje energie --- burime të disponueshme energjie --- riżorsi enerġetiċi disponibbli --- pieejamie energoresursi --- расположливи енергетски извори --- turimi energijos ištekliai --- disponibel energi --- käytettävissä olevat energiavarat --- dostupné energetické zdroje --- енергетски резерви --- расположливи енергетски ресурси --- volné zdroje energie --- energiatartalékok --- достапни извори на енергија --- Energiereserven --- tillgänglig energiresurs --- potřeba energie --- енергийно търсене --- Energiebedarf --- zapotrzebowanie na energię --- necesar energetic --- energiaigény --- enerģijas pieprasījums --- energianõudlus --- fabbisogno energetico --- kërkesa për energji --- energijos paklausa --- energiebehoefte --- domanda tal-enerġija --- energiefterspørgsel --- потражња енергије --- dopyt po energii --- energy demand --- demanda energética --- procura energética --- energian kysyntä --- побарувачка на енергија --- potražnja energije --- energibehov --- energetske potrebe --- ζήτηση ενέργειας --- besoin énergétique --- fabbisogno d'energia --- energijos poreikis --- richiesta energetica --- nevoja energjetike --- energy requirements --- bisogno energetico --- ενεργειακές ανάγκες --- energiavaatimukset --- vraag naar energie --- domanda energetica --- necessidades energéticas --- demande d'énergie --- energiakereslet --- procura de energia --- necesidad energética --- energetické požiadavky --- energetická poptávka --- cerere energetică --- енергетски потреби --- потрага по нови енергетски извори --- energetický požadavek --- poptávka po energii --- energiefterfrågan --- energetické potreby --- energiaszükségletek --- kraftbehov --- demanda de energía --- ενεργειακή ζήτηση --- nevoi de energie --- energiavajadused --- kërkesa energjetike --- Energienachfrage --- energiantarve --- energy needs --- ενεργειακός ανεφοδιασμός --- energiahuolto --- energiförsörjning --- energievoorziening --- soláthar fuinnimh --- opskrba energijom --- furnizim me energji --- energy supply --- Energieversorgung --- abastecimiento energético --- energijos tiekimas --- енергийно снабдяване --- provvista tal-enerġija --- dodávka energie --- energiaellátás --- zásobování energií --- energoapgāde --- снабдување со енергија --- zaopatrzenie w energię --- oskrba z energijo --- energiaga varustamine --- aprovisionamento energético --- furnizarea de energie --- снабдевање енергијом --- energiforsyning --- approvvigionamento d'energia --- suministro energético --- aprovisionamiento energético --- rifornimento d'energia --- систем за енергетско снабдување --- abastecimento energético --- sistema di approvvigionamento di energia --- energetické zásobování --- dobava energije --- sicurezza di approvvigionamento di energia --- táirgeadh fuinnimh --- beartas fuinnimh --- neamhthuilleamaíocht i dtaca le fuinneamh --- acmhainní fuinnimh infhaighte --- éileamh ar fhuinneamh --- Power resources - Political aspects --- Energy industries - Political aspects --- Energy policy - Political aspects --- Production d'énergie --- Approvisionnement énergétique --- Demande énergétique --- Disponibilité énergétique --- Indépendance énergétique --- Politique énergétique