Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Trade is a well-established driver of growth and poverty reduction.But changes in trade policy also have distributional impacts that create winners and losers. It is vital to understand and clearly communicate how trade affects economic well-being across all segments of the population, as well as how policies can more effectively ensure that the gains from trade are distributed more widely. The Distributional Impacts of Trade: Empirical Innovations, Analytical Tools, and Policy Responses provides a deeper understanding of the distributional effects of trade across regions, industries, and demographic groups within countries over time. It includes an overview (chapter 1); a review of innovations in empirical and theoretical work covering the impacts of trade at the subnational level (chapter 2); highlights from empirical case studies on Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, and Sri Lanka (chapter 3); and a policy agenda to improve distributional outcomes from trade (chapter 4). This book comes at a time when the shock from COVID-19 (coronavirus) adds to an already uncertain trade policy environment in which the value of the multilateral trading system has been under increased scrutiny. A better understanding of how trade affects distributional outcomes can lead to more inclusive policies and support the ability of countries to maximize broad-based benefits from trade.

Adjustment Costs To Trade --- Distributional Effects of Trade --- Gender --- Labor --- Policies To Share Gains From Trade --- Poverty

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This study examines the green transition's effects on labor markets using a task-based framework to identify jobs with tasks that contribute, or with the potential to contribute, to the green transition. Analyzing data from Brazil, Colombia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States, we find that the proportion of workers in green jobs is similar across AEs and EMs, albeit with distinct occupational patterns: AE green job holders typically have higher education levels, whereas in EMs, they tend to have lower education levels. Despite these disparities, the distribution of green jobs across genders is similar across countries, with men occupying over two-thirds of these positions. Furthermore, green jobs are characterized by a wage premium and a narrower gender pay gap. Our research further studies the implications of AI for the expansion of green employment opportunities. This research advances our understanding of the interplay between green jobs, gender equity, and AI and provides valuable insights for promoting a more inclusive green transition.

Climate --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Global Warming --- Human Capital --- Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility --- Labor Productivity --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Occupational Choice --- Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects --- Promotion --- Skills

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Measuring the poverty and distributional impact of the global crisis for developing countries is not easy, given the multiple channels of impact and the limited availability of real-time data. Commonly-used approaches are of limited use in addressing questions like who are being affected by the crisis and by how much, and who are vulnerable to falling into poverty if the crisis deepens? This paper develops a simple micro-simulation method, modifying models from existing economic literature, to measure the poverty and distributional impact of macroeconomic shocks by linking macro projections with pre-crisis household data. The approach is then applied to Bangladesh to assess the potential impact of the slowdown on poverty and income distribution across different groups and regions. A validation exercise using past data from Bangladesh finds that the model generates projections that compare well with actual estimates from household data. The results can inform the design of crisis monitoring tools and policies in Bangladesh, and also illustrate the kind of analysis that is possible in other developing countries with similar data availability.

Achieving Shared Growth --- Counterfactual --- Distributional effects --- Economic Theory & Research --- Employment status --- Global markets --- Household heads --- Household income --- Household survey --- Impact on poverty --- Income --- Income distribution --- Income poverty --- Inequality --- Macroeconomic shocks --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor rural households --- Poverty line --- Poverty rates --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural --- Rural areas --- Rural Poverty Reduction

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper analyzes changes in agricultural production and economic welfare of farmers in rural Peru resulting from a large irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation project. The analysis uses a ten-year district panel and a spatial regression discontinuity approach to measure the causal effect of the intervention. While general impacts are modest, the analysis shows that the project is progressive - poor farmers consistently benefit more than non-poor farmers. Farmers living in districts with a rehabilitated irrigation site experience positive labor dynamics, in terms of income and agricultural jobs. Poor farmers increase their total income by more than USD 220 per year compared with the control group, while rich farmers do not experience such an income gain. The results also show crop specialization patterns in the economic status of farm households; poorer farm households increase their production of staple crops, such as beans and potatoes, while non-poor beneficiary farmers cultivate more industrial crops. Findings from this evaluation have important implications for pro-poor policy design in the agricultural sector.

Agricultural production --- Agricultural products --- Agricultural sector --- Agriculture --- Crop diversification --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Distributional effects --- Farm households --- Income --- Inequality --- Insurance --- Irrigation --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor farmers --- Poor policy --- Poverty line --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural --- Rural areas --- Rural development --- Rural infrastructure --- Rural infrastructure development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Rich countries' agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO's troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. The authors' findings reject this claim. The analysis uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the United States, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from 15 developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries' agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protect U.S. large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization.

Agricultural Liberalization --- Agricultural Products --- Agricultural Support --- Debt Markets --- Distributional Effects --- Economic Policies --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Farm Households --- Farm Income --- Farm Incomes --- Farm Sector --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Food Prices --- Free Trade --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Survey --- Income --- International Economics & Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political Economy --- Poor --- Poor Countries --- Poor Farmers --- Population Policies --- Post-Reform --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Rural --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Sectors