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Self-Interest before Adam Smith inquires into the foundations of economic theory. It is generally assumed that the birth of modern economic science, marked by the publication of The Wealth of Nations in 1776, was the triumph of the 'selfish hypothesis' (the idea that self-interest is the motive of human action). Yet, as a neo-Epicurean idea, this hypothesis had been a matter of controversy for over a century and Smith opposed it from a neo-Stoic point of view. But how can the Epicurean principles of orthodox economic theory be reconciled with the Stoic principles of Adam Smith's philosophy? Pierre Force shows how Smith's theory refutes the 'selfish hypothesis' and integrates it at the same time. He also explains how Smith appropriated Rousseau's 'republican' critique of modern commercial society, and makes the case that the autonomy of economic science is an unintended consequence of Smith's 'republican' principles.

Economics --- -Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- History --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- History. --- AA / International- internationaal --- 330.00 --- 330.40 --- 174 --- Economische en sociale theorieën: algemeenheden --- Geschiedenis van het economisch en sociaal denken --- Verband tussen de ethiek en de economie. Ethiek en bedrijf --- -History --- ECONOMIE POLITIQUE --- PASSIONS DANS LA LITTERATURE --- PASSIONS (PHILOSOPHIE) --- HISTOIRE --- 17E-18E SIECLES --- Historical school of economics.

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We live in a world, according to N. Katherine Hayles, where new languages are constantly emerging, proliferating, and fading into obsolescence. These are languages of our own making: the programming languages written in code for the intelligent machines we call computers. Hayles's latest exploration provides an exciting new way of understanding the relations between code and language and considers how their interactions have affected creative, technological, and artistic practices. My Mother Was a Computer explores how the impact of code on everyday life has become comparable to that of speech and writing: language and code have grown more entangled, the lines that once separated humans from machines, analog from digital, and old technologies from new ones have become blurred. My Mother Was a Computer gives us the tools necessary to make sense of these complex relationships. Hayles argues that we live in an age of intermediation that challenges our ideas about language, subjectivity, literary objects, and textuality. This process of intermediation takes place where digital media interact with cultural practices associated with older media, and here Hayles sharply portrays such interactions: how code differs from speech; how electronic text differs from print; the effects of digital media on the idea of the self; the effects of digitality on printed books; our conceptions of computers as living beings; the possibility that human consciousness itself might be computational; and the subjective cosmology wherein humans see the universe through the lens of their own digital age. We are the children of computers in more than one sense, and no critic has done more than N. Katherine Hayles to explain how these technologies define us and our culture. Heady and provocative, My Mother Was a Computer will be judged as her best work yet.

Computers in literature --- Homme et ordinateur [Interaction entre ] --- Human-computer interaction --- Interactie tussen mens en computer --- Interaction entre l'homme et l'ordinateur --- Mens-computer interactie --- Réalité virtuelle --- Virtual reality --- Virtuele realiteit --- Virtuele werkelijkheid --- Computational intelligence --- User-centered system design --- Computer Science --- Sociolinguistics --- Programming languages (Electronic computers) --- Literature and science --- Literature and technology --- American literature --- Semantics --- Social aspects --- History and criticism --- Computational intelligence. --- Human-computer interaction. --- Computers in literature. --- Virtual reality. --- History and criticism. --- Environments, Virtual --- Virtual environments --- Virtual worlds --- Computer-human interaction --- Human factors in computing systems --- Interaction, Human-computer --- Intelligence, Computational --- Computer simulation --- Reality --- Human engineering --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing --- E-books --- 20th century --- Linguistique --- Computational linguistics --- Informatique --- Programming languages (Electronic computers) - Semantics - Social aspects --- American literature - 20th century - History and criticism --- language, programming, code, greg egan, intermediation, computation, cosmology, subjectivity, virtual, simulation, the mask, stanislaw lem, digital, analog, transmitting, patchwork girl, shelley jackson, connectivity, cryptonomicon, neal stephenson, figurative, performance, media, etext, print, constraint, information, writing, speech, textuality, literature, nonfiction, communication, text, self, consciousness, man vs machine. --- Interaction homme-ordinateur --- Ordinateurs --- Littérature américaine --- Dans la littérature --- 20e siècle --- Histoire et critique --- Réalité virtuelle --- Littérature américaine --- Dans la littérature --- 20e siècle