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The first years of life lay the foundations for a child’s future development and learning. Many countries have increased their financial support for provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC) over the past years. More recently, the focus of debate has been shifting from expanding access to affordable ECEC to enhancing its quality. A growing body of research suggests that the magnitude of the benefits for children will depend on the level of quality of early childhood services, with especially strong evidence in the case of disadvantaged children.In light of budgetary constraints, policy makers require the latest knowledge base of the quality dimensions that are most important for ensuring children's development and early learning. However, current research is often narrow in focus or limited to programme-level or national-level conclusions. This book expands the knowledge base on this topic. It draws lessons from a cross-national literature review and meta-analysis of the relationship between early childhood education and care structure (e.g. child-staff ratios, staff training and qualifications), process quality (i.e. the quality of staff-child interactions and developmental activities), and links to child development and learning. This report concludes with key insights, as well as avenues for further research. It was co-funded by the European Union.

Early childhood education. --- Child care. --- Care of children --- Childcare --- Children --- Education --- Care --- Care and hygiene

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Tonnoma is the protagonist of her own story of development. 26 years old, illiterate, and married to a man 15 years her senior, Tonnoma lives in a rural area of Burkina Faso. Before finding employment with the Youth Employment and Skills Development Project, she performed household chores and depended on her husband's irregular income to meet the family's needs. His income was not always sufficient, and they lost their fourth child to poverty. Tonnoma's Story: Women's Work and Empowerment in Burkina Faso is based on actual events and the experiences of numerous women. It draws directly from the results of qualitative research on the factors impeding or promoting women's ability to work in Burkina Faso. It offers readers a glimpse into the daily lives of women who live in a rural environment and want to work. This book shows us that emotional relationships matter, that the social and cultural landscape we are born into matters, and that if we want to conduct effective development, we have to listen carefully to the beneficiaries. How do they perceive their circumstances? What influences their behaviors? What helps or hinders women's access to employment-in their view? This book encourages readers to reflect on how to conduct more beneficiary-centered and participatory international development that better responds to realities on the ground.

Behaviour Economics --- Female Employment --- Micro-Enterprise --- Mobile Childcare --- Rural Inclusion --- Skills Development --- Social Policy --- Social Safety Nets --- Youth Employment

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Établir un équilibre convenable entre vie familiale et vie professionnelle est un enjeu auquel tous les parents sont confrontés. Certaines personnes voudraient avoir des enfants, ou un plus grand nombre, mais ne voient pas comment concilier cette responsabilité et leur situation professionnelle. D’autres parents sont heureux du nombre d’enfants que compte la famille mais souhaiteraient travailler davantage. D’autres encore, comblés par leur situation familiale, aimeraient aussi parfois avoir des horaires de travail différents ou réduire leur temps de travail pour s’occuper davantage de leurs enfants. Ce rapport synthétise les résultats des treize volumes précédents et étend son étude à d’autres pays de l’OCDE.  Il étudie les systèmes de fiscalité/prestations, les congés parentaux, les systèmes de garde d’enfants et les pratiques professionnelles en entreprise.

Work and family. --- Child care. --- Care of children --- Childcare --- Children --- Families and work --- Family and work --- Care --- Care and hygiene --- Families --- Dual-career families --- Work-life balance

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This article examines how a policy oriented toward a specific group within the population can have collateral effects on the economic decisions of other groups. In 1996, the Chilean government approved the extension of the school day from half- to full-day school. This article exploits the quasi-experimental nature of the reform's implementation by time, municipality, and age targeting of the program in order to examine how the maternal labor supply is affected by the childcare subsidy implicit in the lengthening of the school day. Using data from the Chilean socioeconomic household survey and administrative data from the Ministry of Education for 1990-2011, the authors estimate that, on average, there is a 5 percent increase in labor participation and employment rates of single mothers with eligible children (between 8 and 13 years old) with no younger children, who are the group that would be mainly affected by the policy. No significant labor supply responses are detected among others mothers with eligible children.

Childcare. --- Children and Youth. --- Education. --- Female Labor Supply. --- Fertility. --- Labor Markets. --- Labor Policies. --- Labor Supply. --- Primary Education. --- Social Development. --- Social Protections and Labor. --- Tertiary Education.

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Improving women's labor force participation and the quality of their employment can boost economic growth and support poverty and inequality reduction; thus, it is highly pertinent for the development agenda. However, most systematic reviews on female labor market outcomes and childcare, which can arguably improve these outcomes, are focused on developed countries. This paper reviews 22 studies that plausibly identify the causal impact of institutional childcare on maternal labor market outcomes in lower- and-middle-income countries. All but one study finds positive impacts on the extensive or intensive margin of maternal labor market outcomes, which aligns with findings for developed countries. The paper further analyzes aspects of childcare design, including hours, ages of children, and coordination with other childcare services that may increase the impacts on maternal labor market outcomes. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for future research.

Childcare --- Female Labor Force Participation --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Economics --- Gender Innovation Lab --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor