Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The COVID-19 crisis, which has sent economies in South Asia and around the world into a deep recession, has highlighted South Asia's rising debt levels and sizable hidden liabilities. State-owned enterprises, state-owned commercial banks, and public-private partnerships have been at the center of the rising debt wave and the latest pandemic response. Historically,South Asia has relied on these direct public interventions more than other regions. The interventions have helped governments tackle key development challenges and rapidly deliver relief measures during crises. However, because of their inefficiencies and weak governance, the interventions are also a significant source of public indebtedness and macrofinancial risks. Hidden Debt examines the trade-off between tackling development challenges through direct state presence in the market and avoiding unsustainable debt due to economic inefficiencies of such off-balance sheet operations, which greatly leverage public capital. The study recommends a reform agenda based on the four interrelated principles of purpose, incentives, transparency, and accountability (PITA). The reforms can mitigate the risks that off-balance sheet operations will become the source of the next financial crisis in South Asia.

Financial crises --- Government business enterprises --- Off balance sheet financing. --- Risk --- Prevention. --- Finance.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Math for Managers is a practical summary of formulas every manager needs. The book is organized into logical chapters, and each formula introduced includes an example and the Excel program needed to make the process of calculation simple. It adds a practical side to the challenge of calculating the sometimes complex formulas of compound interest, rates of return, breakeven after tax liability, balance sheet and income ratios, depreciation, reports and budgets, proration, statistics, and more. Additional appendices are provided to explain incredible math shortcuts. This book will benefit managers and executives at any level within an organization, as well as academic instructors and business students. Michael C. Thomsett is a market expert, author, speaker, and coach. His many books include Stock Market Math, Candlestick Charting, The Mathematics of Options, and A Technical Approach to Trend Analysis.

Business mathematics --- Arithmetic, Commercial --- Business --- Business arithmetic --- Business math --- Commercial arithmetic --- Finance --- Mathematics --- E-books --- Mathematical analysis. --- 517.1 Mathematical analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Balance sheet. --- Compound interest. --- Depreciation. --- Income statement. --- Rate of return. --- Sinking fund.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper summarizes and discusses the results of a survey on country practices in the management of sovereign assets and liabilities. Twenty-eight countries, mostly high-income economies, responded to the questionnaire. The survey responses provide detailed information about various approaches to the sovereign asset and liability management framework in terms of balance sheet production as well as objectives, priority areas, and challenges associated with integrated management. In addition to the survey results, where possible and relevant, this paper provides insight through prominent country examples. The survey results confirm that the number of countries that have developed such a framework is limited. Although most of the respondents indicated that they regularly produce an accounting balance sheet, the objective of this exercise is often limited to monitoring sovereign assets and liabilities rather than determining mismatches between them. In the cases where a sovereign asset and liability management framework is implemented, there are significant differences across countries. Most countries include state-owned enterprises in the sovereign balance sheet, but only a minority also considers central banks, in some cases only international reserves and sovereign funds. The challenges cited include institutional arrangements, uncertain or lacking mandate, coordination between institutions, data availability, and valuation of assets. Most of these challenges are related to the implementation of the approach. The development of sound practices for sovereign asset and liability management could benefit governments and facilitate the implementation of a holistic approach to manage their balance sheets and related risks, increasing their resilience to shocks.

Assets --- Balance sheet --- De facto governments --- Debt markets --- Democratic government --- Economic adjustment and lending --- External debt --- Finance and financial sector development --- Governance --- International economics and trade --- Liabilities --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Public debt --- Public sector development --- Sovereign debt

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Land assets have become an important source of financing capital investments by subnational governments in developing countries. Land assets, often with billions of dollars per transaction, rival and sometimes surpass subnational borrowing or fiscal transfers for capital spending. While reducing the uncertainty surrounding future debt repayment capacity, the use of land-based revenues for financing infrastructure can entail substantial fiscal risks. Land sales often involve less transparency than borrowing. Many sales are conducted off-budget, which makes it easier to divert proceeds into operating budgets. Capital revenues from sales of land assets exert a much more volatile trend and could create an incentive to appropriate auction proceeds for financing the operating budget, particularly in times of budget shortfalls during economic downturns. Furthermore, land collateral and expected future land-value appreciation for bank loans can be linked with macroeconomic risks. It is critical to develop ex ante prudential rules comparable to those governing borrowing, to reduce fiscal risks and the contingent liabilities associated with the land-based revenues for financing infrastructure.

Accounting --- Asset management --- Balance sheet --- Balance sheets --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Borrowing --- Capital budgets --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Land development --- Land prices --- Land supply --- Local governments --- Municipal Financial Management --- Operating expenses --- Potential exposure --- Present value --- Public & Municipal Finance --- Public enterprises --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Regulatory framework --- Subnational finance --- Subnational government finance --- Subnational governments --- Systemic risk --- Urban Development

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

November 1999 - Estimating the likely fiscal costs of future banking crises requires information about the size and composition of the banks' balance sheets and expert assessments about the accuracy of the accounting data and about certain short-term risks. There is constant demand for an estimate of the likely fiscal costs of future banking crises, but little precision can be expected in such an estimate. Honohan shows how information that is typically available to authorities could be used to get a general sense of the order of magnitude of the direct fiscal liability. What is required for such an estimate? Information about the size and composition of the banks' balance sheets; Expert assessments of the accuracy of the accounting data and of specific short-term risks to which the components are known to be subject. Honohan's method distinguishes between losses that have already crystallized and the changing risks for the immediate future. By including contingency planning for banking collapse in their fiscal calculations, authorities may risk destabilizing expectations or worsening the moral hazard in the system. But the risks of contingency planning generally outweigh the risks of sending confused signals. Insisting on ignorance is a poor way to protect against announcement errors that trigger panic. This paper - a product of Finance, Development Research Group - was produced for the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network thematic group studying the quality of fiscal adjustment. The author may be contacted at phonohan@worldbank.org.

Accounting --- Balance Sheet --- Banking Crises --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Budget --- Contingency Planning --- Conversion --- Debt Markets --- Depositors --- Emerging Markets --- Expenditure --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Instruments --- Financial Literacy --- Fiscal Authorities --- Fiscal Policy --- Future --- Liabilities --- Liability --- Monetary Authorities --- Moral Hazard --- Private Sector Development --- Revenue --- Tax --- Tax Rates