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Evidence from high-income countries suggests that judges often exhibit in-group bias, favoring litigants that share an identity with the judge. However, there is little evidence on this phenomenon from the Global South. Collecting the available universe of High Court decisions in Kenya, this paper leverages the random assignment of cases to judges to evaluate the existence of in-group bias along gender and ethnic lines. It finds that, relative to a baseline win rate of 43 percent, defendants are 4 percentage points more likely to win if they share the judge's gender and 5 percentage points more likely to win if they share the judge's ethnicity. The paper finds that the written judgements are on average shorter and less likely to be cited when defendants who are of the same gender or ethnicity as the judge win their case. This is consistent with in-group biased decisions being of lower quality. In addition, the findings show that female defendants are less likely to win the case if the judge exhibits stereotypical or negative attitudes towards women in their writings.

Judges. --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Ethnicity --- Gender identity.

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This thought-provoking and practical title challenges leaders to recognize the power of trust in an increasingly sceptical world. It presents a unique three-pillar model for building trust and details the nine leadership habits that deliver outstanding results, inspiring relationships and a positive long-term legacy.

Leadership. --- Trust. --- Trust (Psychology) --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Emotions --- Ability --- Command of troops --- Followership --- Leadership --- Trust --- E-books

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Change Your Beliefs, Change Your Life We all have times in our lives when the results of our behavior don't seem to be meeting our needs. In this new book, Hyrum Smith does two things that are invaluable to people who wish to make their lives less painful. First, he reveals, through a clear and simple model, how we get to the point where our behaviors cause these kinds of problems. Then, with a simplicity that is impressive in itself, he describes the steps we must take to identify and rectify the beliefs leading to our painful behavior. The result is a powerful process for transforming your habits and relationships and achieving lasting personal and career success.

Conduct Of Life --- Values --- Self-Esteem --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Change (Psychology) --- Self-Help --- Philosophy --- Psychology

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Leadership --- Trust --- Organizational effectiveness --- Performance --- Management Styles & Communication --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Competence --- Work --- Organization --- Trust (Psychology) --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Emotions --- Ability --- Command of troops --- Followership --- E-books

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Income distribution. --- Social capital (Sociology) --- Trust. --- Trust (Psychology) --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Emotions --- Capital, Social (Sociology) --- Sociology --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income