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The inclusion of the Black Sea basin into the long-distance trade network – with its two axes of the Silk Road through the Golden Horde (Urgench-Sarai-Tana/Caffa) and the Spice Road through the Ilkhanate (Ormuz-Tabriz-Trebizond) – was the two Mongol states’ most important contribution to making the sea a “crossroads of international commerce”. The closest recorded working relationship between European and Asian powers in the medieval period, achieved by the joint efforts of the Chinggisid rulers and the Italian merchant republics, was not realised via the usual geographic channels of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Fertile Crescent, but rather by roundabout routes to the Black Sea. Thus at the same time as the sea fulfilled its function as a crossroads of long-distance Eurasian trade, it was also a bypass.

Black Sea Region -- Commerce -- History. --- Black Sea Region -- Economic conditions. --- Europe -- Commerce -- Golden Horde. --- Golden Horde -- Commerce -- Europe. --- Mongols -- Commerce -- Black Sea Region. --- Mongols --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- Local Commerce --- Golden Horde --- Europe --- Black Sea Region --- History. --- Economic conditions. --- Mongolians --- Council of Europe countries --- Bolʹshai︠a︡ Orda --- Empire of the Golden Horde --- Golden Horde Khanate --- Great Horde --- Khanate of the Golden Horde --- Kipchak (Khanate) --- Takht ėli --- Ulus Juchi --- Zolotai︠a︡ Orda --- Zolotaya Orda --- Altaic peoples --- Ethnology --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Ulus Dz︠h︡uchy --- Zolota Orda --- Улус Джучи --- Black Sea --- E-books --- Chernoe more --- Chernoye more --- Chorne more --- Euxine Sea --- Karadeniz --- Marea Neagră --- Pontus Euxinus --- Золота Орда --- Altın Orda