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According to a report by the World Bank published in April 2018, air pollution in Tehran incurs annual loss of billions of dollars and over 4,000 premature deaths from exposure to fine particles ambient concentrations. Particulate matter (PM), one of the primary pollutants from diesel exhaust, is associated with many different types of respiratory and cardiovascular effects, and premature mortality. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of retrofitting existing city diesel bus fleet in Tehran with best available Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) available in the market. The report provides an updated assessment on the diesel retrofit solutions for an ageing diesel city bus fleet in Tehran based on publicly available information. The economic benefits of DPF installed in buses are evaluated with standard techniques of environmental economics, and technological assumptions about how much PM emissions can be avoided and control costs. The report highlights a number of national, regional and local examples of effective emission control program that exhibit best practices from around the world. Also, it presents important features and global experiences of successful retrofit program on heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs), including benefit-cost analysis from several case studies to help Tehran city leadership in taking informed economic and policy decisions. Finally, it recommends a set of critical actions to the government both at the national and local level for implementation of an effective emission control programs.
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"In this paper the authors investigate individuals' exposure to indoor air pollution. Using new survey data from Bangladesh, they analyze exposure at two levels--differences within households attributable to family roles, and differences across households attributable to income and education. Within households, they relate individuals' exposure to pollution in different locations during their daily round of activity. The authors find high levels of exposure for children and adolescents of both sexes, with particularly serious exposure for children under 5. Among prime-age adults, they find that men have half the exposure of women (whose exposure is similar to that of children and adolescents). They also find that elderly men have significantly lower exposure than elderly women. Across households, they draw on results from their previous paper (Dasgupta and others, 2004), which relate pollution variation across households to choices of cooking fuel, cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. They find that these choices are significantly affected by family income and adult education levels (particularly for women). Overall, the authors find that the poorest, least-educated households have twice the pollution levels of relatively high-income households with highly-educated adults. For children in a typical household, pollution exposure can be halved by adopting two simple measures--increasing their outdoor time from 3 to 5 or 6 hours a day, and concentrating outdoor time during peak cooking periods. The authors recognize that weather and other factors may intervene occasionally, and that child supervision outdoors may be difficult for some households. However, the potential benefits are so great that neighbors might well agree to pool outdoor supervision once they became aware of the implications for their children's health. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental health issues in developing countries"--World Bank web site.
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The Western Balkans is home to the most polluting power plants in Europe, and its transport and energy infrastructure require updates. Not surprisingly, countries such as Kosovo, are suffering from severe urban air pollution and traffic congestion as a result of high dependence on fossil fuels in the energy matrix, inefficient transport system and aging vehicle fleets. These substantially harm public health, productivity and efficiency in urban mobility. Kosovo is implementing the EU enacted Stabilization Tracking Mechanism programme, aiming to gradually integrate its national policies on legal, economic and social matters with the EU. On 6 February 2018, the European Commission published its expansion plan to cover up to six Western Balkan countries including Kosovo with potential accession as members of the EU after 2025. This is relevant for vehicle emissions as it entails implementation of EU vehicle emission and fuel standards. The development objective of this project is to support the government of Kosovo and City of Pristina to develop strategies to reduce emissions and pollutions from transport perspective, such as modernization and better management of public and private vehicle fleets, and to scope for components and activities to be considered as part of potential Develop Policy Financing or Investment Project Financing by the World Bank The layout of the report includes the following sections: Chapter second realizes a rapid assessment of vehicle pollution for Kosovo including vehicle emission trends. Chapter third list in a summarized manner major instruments to reduce transportation emissions. Based on the problem and solution description policies are selected which are assessed in further detail to curb vehicle emissions in Kosovo. These policies or interventions were selected based on on-going plans and activities and interest from the Government. They include usage of low-emission buses (chapter fourth), fiscal instruments to promote low-emitting vehicles (chapter fifth) and implementation of in-service vehicle emission testing.
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"Indoor air pollution (IAP) from cooking and heating is estimated to kill a million children annually in developing countries. To promote a better understanding of IAP, the authors investigate the determinants of IAP in Bangladesh using the latest air monitoring technology and a national household survey. The study concludes that IAP is dangerously high for many poor families in Bangladesh. Concentrations of respirable airborne particulates(PM10) 300 ug/m3 or greater are common in the sample, implying widespread exposure to a serious health hazard. Poor households in Bangladesh depend heavily on wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. The econometric results indicate that fuel choice significantly affects indoor pollution levels: Natural gas and kerosene are significantly cleaner than biomass fuels. However, household-specific factors apparently matter more than fuel choice in determining PM10 concentrations. In some biomass-burning households, concentrations are scarcely higher than in households that use natural gas. The results suggest that cross-household variation is strongly affected by structural arrangements cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. The authors' analysis also suggests that poor families may not have to wait for clean fuels or clean stoves to enjoy significantly cleaner air. Within their sample household population, some arrangements are already producing relatively clean conditions, even when "dirty" biomass fuels are used. Since these arrangements are already within the means of poor families, the scope for cost-effective improvements may be larger than is commonly believed. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to identify appropriate policies for the improvement of environmental quality"--World Bank web site.
Indoor air pollution --- Poor --- Ventilation
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Myanmar is rich in natural resources and is a global biodiversity hotspot. Myanmar's forests and fishing industry are two significant contributors to the economy, and yet these sectors are also potentially under threat from over exploitation and mismanagement. The management of solid waste, air pollution, and the use of plastics provides another growing challenge. In addition, the role of government and other stakeholders in the management of these sectors and issues is central to whether the government will succeed in reversing the current trends and be able to find a long-term sustainable solution to the problem. This report explores the issues and challenges faced and the legal and institutional context. Through a lens of poverty reduction, social inclusion and participation, and economic growth, the report tells a story of an urgent need for institutional support and reform, improvements in the enforcement against illegal extraction of resources, behavior change in all relevant stakeholders, institutional capacity building, increased funding, and improvements in data collection and analysis. If these recommendations are acted on, then Myanmar can reverse the negative trends and lead its environment on a path toward a more sustainable future.
Air Pollution --- Aquaculture --- Natural Resources Management
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African cities are growing faster than cities on any other continent. With populations growing at such an enormous rate, it is often difficult for infrastructure to keep pace with urban growth. Rising automobile traffic on the continent has posed a great challenge. Increasingly, African cities struggle to handle the volume of motor vehicle traffic on their roadways. African urban dwellers spend much of their time stuck in traffic and away from their work and families. Public transport systems and pedestrian facilities must be improved so that African cities may continue to grow without suffering the consequences of runaway growth in private vehicle traffic. This report includes case studies of the institutional structures, financing practices, and regulations that have been adopted by cities and have been successful at achieving dramatic improvements in the design and implementation of the pedestrian environment. The report draws on international best practice and pilot projects in Africa to provide guidance on the key elements that should be considered in the design and maintenance of high-quality walking environments.
Air Pollution --- Public Health --- Urban Planning
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Uses of main primary energy resources, such as coal, oil, and solid biomass, are directly linked with adverse impacts on human health. Air pollution emitted from various activities in the energy supply chains is the main risk factor to human health, along with accidental and occupational risk exposures. Estimates of premature deaths are over four million per year for ambient air pollution (2015) and household or indoor air pollution (2012). More than 80 percent of the mortality from ambient air pollution emitted from the energy supply chains occurs in developing countries. The impact of household air pollution, mainly from traditional biomass used for cooking and space heating, disproportionately falls on women and children under age five years. Acute respiratory infections, mainly caused by household air pollution, are one of the largest categories of deaths (64 percent) of children under age five years in developing countries. These statistics indicate the deep nexus between the energy supply chain and human health. Yet, the negative implications for human health from energy use often receive inadequate consideration. It is critically important to take account of these human health impacts in developing energy supply plans and energy policies in developing countries.
Ambient Air Pollution --- Energy And Health --- Energy Supply Chain --- Health Impacts Of Energy --- Household Air Pollution
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La edicion de este libro se deriva de documentos de antecedentes preparados originalmente como base para un estudio del Banco Mundial publicado en 2005, titulado 'Integrating Environmental Considerations in Policy Formulation: Lessons from Policy- Based SEA Experience'. Las politicas publicas constituyen una herramienta clave para atender la degradacion ambiental actual y futura y el uso de los recursos naturales. El libro contiene importantes ensenanzas sobre como mejorar el diseno y la implementacion de la Evaluacion Ambiental Estrategica (EAE) a las politicas publicas, tanto desde la perspectiva de la oferta como de la demanda, para hacerlas mas sostenibles. Asimismo se explora la eficacia de la aplicacion de la EAE a las politicas y presenta un nuevo marco conceptual y metodologico para su aplicacion.
Agriculture --- Air Pollution --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Developing Countries
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Outdoor air pollution accounts for an estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide, the majority of which are caused by exposure to fine particulate matter (or PM2.5) air pollution. Most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Reducing PM2.5 air pollution is thus crucial for improving public-health outcomes in those countries. Measuring and reducing the health impacts of PM2.5 is especially challenging in many LMICs because ground-level air-quality monitoring networks are typically nonexistent. Where they are in place, they are often not properly operated and maintained and are thus unreliable. Limited local expertise in air-quality measurement presents additional challenges. These shortcomings can undermine a country's ability to design and implement effective policies to improve outdoor air quality. Satellite technology has been used successfully for measuring air quality in high-income countries where operation of ground-level air-quality monitoring networks is well established. However, this publication investigates the performance of satellites in LMICs for predicting outdoor concentrations of PM2.5, based on case studies in nine cities in different regions representing a range of environmental conditions (including mountainous, dusty, and coastal). The report finds that the satellite-derived estimates of PM2.5 in LMICs are associated with very large uncertainty, ranging from 21 percent to 85 percent depending on the model used for translating satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth-the parameter measured by satellites-to surface-level outdoor PM2.5 concentrations. This report shows that satellites are unreliable for estimating ambient concentrations of PM2.5 in LMICs. Furthermore, satellite-derived measurements cannot replace properly operated and maintained ground-level monitoring networks for measuring the concentrations of PM2.5 that human beings are typically exposed to daily. Thus, it is important that LMICs strengthen support for the establishment of ground-level monitoring networks to measure air pollutants, notably PM2.5, that cause mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and other regions with LMICs.
Air --- Artificial satellites in air pollution control. --- Pollution --- Measurement.
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Este informe sintetiza el conocimiento sobre los efectos de los riesgos naturales en el bienestar humano, especialmente en sus aspectos economicos. Es una combinacion excelente de estudios de casos, datos en varias escalas y la aplicacion de los principios economicos a los problemas planteados por terremotos, fenomenos climaticos anormales y similares. Proporciona un conocimiento profundo sobre el papel relativo de los mercados, la intervencion gubernamental y las instituciones sociales en la determinacion y mejora tanto de la prevencion como de la respuesta a los acontecimientos daninos. This book is available directly from the publisher: Ediciones GONDO Maese Nicolas,9 45224 TOLEDO SPAIN Website: http://www.edicionesgondo.com.
Air Pollution --- Catastrophic Events --- Death Rate --- Disaster --- Spanish Translation
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