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In March 2009, the Fund established a new Framework Administered Account to administer external financial resources for selected Fund Activities (the 'SFA Instrument'). The financing of activities under the terms of the SFA Instrument is implemented through the establishment and operation of a subaccount within the SFA. This paper requests Executive Board approval to establish the Belgium Subaccount for Selected Fund Activities (the 'Subaccount') under the terms of the SFA instrument.

Wages.

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Honduras remains one of the poorest and most unequal countries in the Western Hemisphere. Structural exposure to external shocks and natural hazards go hand in hand with high levels of crime, political instability, and a weak institutional and business environment. These problems have undermined the country's competitiveness and economic diversification, propelled emigration, and slowed progress toward raising incomes, reducing poverty, and tackling exclusion. Vulnerability to external shocks, natural hazards, and fiscal risks constitute important development challenges. The compound effect of the pandemic and two hurricanes in 2020 underscored the fragility of economic and poverty gains, and Honduras's exposure to potential reversals. Substantial fiscal risks coupled with insufficient risk management and inefficient and rigid public spending constrain the country's capacity to respond efficiently and effectively to shocks. The crucial challenge faced by Honduran policy makers is to reinforce fiscal resilience to achieve, to protect, and to sustain income and poverty gains. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) considers key fiscal challenges faced by policy makers to strengthen fiscal resilience and sustainability: significant fiscal risks and the high public wage bill.

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March 1998 Household survey data show income inequality increasing in post-reform rural China-but this may reflect methods used to process data rather than the real effect of structural changes on China's rural economy. Official tabulations from household survey data suggest rising income inequality in post-reform rural China, a trend of public concern. But the structural changes in China's rural economy have not been properly reflected in the methods used to process raw survey data. Using micro data for four provinces, Ravallion and Chen find that two-thirds of the conventionally measured increase in inequality in 1985-90 vanishes when market-based valuation methods are used and allowances are made for regional cost-of-living differences. The data revisions also suggest somewhat different explanations for rising inequality. Nonfarm income was secondary to grain production. While access to farm land was relatively equal, higher returns to land over time were inequality-increasing. But holding other factors constant, lower returns to physical capital reduced inequality over time, as did private transfers. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to improve data on poverty and inequality in developing countries. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Dynamics of Poverty in Rural China. Martin Ravallion may be contacted at mravallion@worldbank.org.

Wages.

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In March 2009, the Fund established a new Framework Administered Account to administer external financial resources for selected Fund Activities (the 'SFA Instrument'). The financing of activities under the terms of the SFA Instrument is implemented through the establishment and operation of a subaccount within the SFA. This paper requests Executive Board approval to establish the Kuwait Subaccount for Selected Fund Activities (the 'Subaccount') under the terms of the SFA instrument.

Wages.

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Les Impôts sur les salaires fournissent des données sans équivalent sur l'impôt sur le revenu dans les pays de l'OCDE. La publication traite de l'impôt sur le revenu et des cotisations de sécurité sociale versés par les salariés, des cotisations de sécurité sociale et des taxes sur les salaires versés par les employeurs et des prestations versées en espèces aux familles qui travaillent. Il s'agit d'illustrer comment ces taxes et prestations sont calculées dans chaque pays membre et d'examiner leurs impacts sur le revenu des ménages. Les résultats permettent aussi de faire des comparaisons internationales quantitatives des coûts de main-d'oeuvre et de la position globale vis-à-vis de l'impôt et des prestations des célibataires et des familles à différents niveaux de revenus.La publication montre cette information pour huit types de ménages représentatifs dont la composition et le niveau du salaire diffèrent. Les résultats mettent aussi en évidence la pression fiscale moyenne et marginale qui s'exerce sur les ménages disposant d'un ou de deux salaires, ainsi que les coûts de main-d'oeuvre pour les employeurs. Les données sont largement utilisées pour la recherche universitaire, comme pour la préparation et l'évaluation des politiques économiques et sociales. L'édition 2016 des Impôts sur les salaires inclut une étude spéciale intitulée «Mesurer le coin fiscal sur les seconds apporteurs de revenu». Note : La partie III, Informations détaillées par pays, n'est disponible que dans la version anglaise de cette publication. est disponible sur CD-ROM sous le titre Statistiques fiscales de l'OCDE, Les impôts sur les salaires.

Wages --- Taxation.