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"Randomized experiments are increasingly used in development economics, with researchers now facing the question of not just whether to randomize, but how to do so. Pure random assignment guarantees that the treatment and control groups will have identical characteristics on average, but in any particular random allocation, the two groups will differ along some dimensions. Methods used to pursue greater balance include stratification, pair-wise matching, and re-randomization. This paper presents new evidence on the randomization methods used in existing randomized experiments, and carries out simulations in order to provide guidance for researchers. Three main results emerge. First, many researchers are not controlling for the method of randomization in their analysis. The authors show this leads to tests with incorrect size, and can result in lower power than if a pure random draw was used. Second, they find that in samples of 300 or more, the different randomization methods perform similarly in terms of achieving balance on many future outcomes of interest. However, for very persistent outcome variables and in smaller sample sizes, pair-wise matching and stratification perform best. Third, the analysis suggests that on balance the re-randomization methods common in practice are less desirable than other methods, such as matching. "--World Bank web site.

Experimental design.

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The international community is paying increased attention to the 25 percent of the world's population that lives in fragile and conflict affected settings, acknowledging that these settings represent daunting development challenges. To deliver better results on the ground, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the impacts and effectiveness of development interventions operating in contexts of conflict and fragility. This paper argues that it is both possible and important to carry out impact evaluations even in settings of violent conflict, and it presents some examples from a collection of impact evaluations of conflict prevention and peacebuilding interventions. The paper examines the practices of impact evaluators in the peacebuilding sector to see how they address evaluation design, data collection, and conflict analysis. Finally, it argues that such evaluations are crucial for testing assumptions about how development interventions affect change-the so-called "theory of change"-which is important for understanding the results on the ground.

Conflict analysis --- Conflict prevention --- Encouragement design --- Ex-combatants --- Experimental design --- Fragile states --- Impact evaluation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Peacebuilding --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Public Sector Development --- Quasi-experimental design --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks

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This paper formalizes the design of experiments intended specifically to study spillover effects. By first randomizing the intensity of treatment within clusters and then randomly assigning individual treatment conditional on this cluster-level intensity, a novel set of treatment effects can be identified. The paper develops a formal framework for consistent estimation of these effects, provides explicit expressions for power calculations, and shows that the power to detect average treatment effects declines precisely with the quantity that identifies the novel treatment effects. A demonstration of the technique is provided using a cash transfer program in Malawi.

Cash Transfers --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Education --- Experimental Design --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Labor Policies --- Networks --- Science and Technology Development --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks --- Social Protections and Labor --- Technology Industry

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AA / International- internationaal --- 302 --- 658.56 --- Opmaak en presentatie van statistische reeksen en tabellen. Grafieken. --- productiecontrole in de bedrijven. Kwaliteitskringen. --- Opmaak en presentatie van statistische reeksen en tabellen. Grafieken --- productiecontrole in de bedrijven. Kwaliteitskringen --- Taguchi, Méthodes de --- Qualité --- Plan d'expérience --- Taguchi methods (Quality control) --- Quality control --- Experimental design --- Contrôle

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AA / International- internationaal --- Experimental design --- 303.0 --- Factorial experiment designs --- 301 --- 519.242 --- 304.0 --- 519.237.7 --- 519.243 --- 519.248 --- 57.087.1 --- Factorial designs --- Factor analysis --- Design of experiments --- Statistical design --- Mathematical optimization --- Research --- Science --- Statistical decision --- Statistics --- Analysis of means --- Analysis of variance --- Statistische technieken in econometrie. Wiskundige statistiek (algemene werken en handboeken). --- Techniek van statistische inlichtingen. Organisatie van de statistische enquêtes. Statistische kritiek. --- Experimental design. Optimal designs. Block designs --- Zuivere statistische analyse (algemene naslagwerken). Tijdreeksen. --- Sampling. Sampling theory --- Engineering statistics. Operational research statistics. Queuing theory. Quality control. Reliability etc. --- Biometry. Statistical study and treatment of biological data --- Experiments --- Methodology --- Experimental design. --- Factorial experiment designs. --- Analyse --- Ontwerpen --- Statistisch onderzoek --- Analyse. --- Ontwerpen. --- Statistisch onderzoek. --- 57.087.1 Biometry. Statistical study and treatment of biological data --- 519.248 Engineering statistics. Operational research statistics. Queuing theory. Quality control. Reliability etc. --- 519.243 Sampling. Sampling theory --- 519.237.7 Factor analysis --- 519.242 Experimental design. Optimal designs. Block designs --- Techniek van statistische inlichtingen. Organisatie van de statistische enquêtes. Statistische kritiek --- Statistische technieken in econometrie. Wiskundige statistiek (algemene werken en handboeken) --- Zuivere statistische analyse (algemene naslagwerken). Tijdreeksen --- Engineering statistics. Operational research statistics. Queuing theory. Quality control. Reliability etc