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"Product standards can have a dual impact on production and trade costs. Standards may impose additional costs on exporters as it may be necessary to adapt products for specific markets (cost-effect). In contrast, standards can reduce exporters' information costs if they convey information on industrial requirements or consumer tastes that would be costly to collect in the absence of standards (informational-effect). Using a new World Bank database of European standards for electronic products, the authors examine the impact of internationally-harmonized European standards on European Union imports. They find that European Union standards for electronic products that are harmonized to international standards have a positive and significant effect on trade. The results suggest that efforts to promote trade in electronic products could be complemented by steps to promote standards harmonization. This might include, for example, re-starting talks to extend the Information Technology Agreement to non-tariff measures and commitments to harmonize national standards in electronic products. "--World Bank web site.
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Production and upgrading processes in emerging economies are studied by geographers and economists since many years. However, the relevance of institutions, in particular the informal ones, has not yet been fully understood. The institutional perspective of this e-book is relevant because regional production and innovation are embedded within multi-layered institutional settings which are enforced by actors at different spatial scales, e.g. local stakeholders, national policy makers, and multinational firms.This e-book analyses the electronics industry of the mega-urban region of Hon
Electronic industries --- China --- Commerce.
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Electronic industries --- Customer relations --- Management.
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Electronic industries --- Globalization --- Strategic planning --- Subcontracting
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This compact history traces the computer industry from its origins in 1950s mainframes, through the establishment of standards beginning in 1965 and the introduction of personal computing in the 1980s. It concludes with the Internets explosive growth since 1995.
Computer industry --- Electronic industries --- History. --- History --- E-books
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International economic integration --- International business enterprises --- Globalization --- Electronic industries --- Location
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Computer industry --- Information technology --- IT (Information technology) --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Electronic industries
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Software comes from India, hardware comes from China. Why is that? Why did China and India take such different paths to global dominance in new high-tech industries? Will their paths continue to diverge or converge? How can other countries learn from their successes and failures in reaching global scale in new industries? To answer these questions, this book presents the first rigorous comparison of the growth of the IT industries in China and India, based on interviews with over 300 companies. It explains the different growth paths of the software and hardware sectors in each country, providi
Computer software industry. --- Computer software industry --- Computer industry --- Business & Economics --- Industries --- Computer service industry --- Electronic industries
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