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This report contains the 2019 Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request of the Netherlands.

Taxation --- Law and legislation. --- Saudi Arabia. --- Tax laws --- Tax legislation --- Tax regulations --- Law --- Arabia saudita --- ʻArabīyah as Saʻūdīyah --- ʻArav ha-Saʻudit --- Hejaz and Nejd --- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia --- Mamlaka al-ʻArabiya as-Saʻudiya --- Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah --- Reino de Arabia Saudi --- Saudiarabien --- Saudovskai︠a︡ Aravii︠a︡ --- Sauji Arabia --- Saujiarabia --- Sha-tʻse A-la-po --- ערב הסעודית‏ --- サウディ・アラビア --- サウジアラビア --- Hejaz (Kingdom) --- Finance, Public --- Business & Economics

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Economic development - Saudi Arabia - History - 20th century. --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Economic development --- Industries --- Business & Economics --- History --- Arabian American Oil Company. --- Saudi Arabia --- United States --- Foreign relations --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Energy industries --- Oil industries --- Aramco --- Sharikat al-Zayt al-ʻArabīyah al-Amrīkīyah --- Sharikat Arāmkū --- Arabian American Oil Co. --- Arab-American Oil Company --- California Arabian Standard Oil Company --- Saudi Aramco --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions. --- Hejaz and Nejd --- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia --- Arabia saudita --- Sha-tʻse A-la-po --- Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah --- ʻArabīyah as Saʻūdīyah --- Saudovskai︠a︡ Aravii︠a︡ --- Mamlaka al-ʻArabiya as-Saʻudiya --- Reino de Arabia Saudi --- Saudiarabien --- ערב הסעודית‏ --- ʻArav ha-Saʻudit --- サウジアラビア --- Sauji Arabia --- Saujiarabia --- サウディ・アラビア --- Hejaz (Kingdom) --- E-books --- History of Asia --- Arabian-American Oil Company --- anno 1930-1939 --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1970-1979 --- Saudi-Arabia

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The constraints that external linkages impose on domestic policy choices in Saudi Arabia have continuously evolved over the past four decades. This paper argues that two major ongoing developments in particular have affected and will continue to affect policy trade-offs. First, growing oil needs of emerging market economies (EMEs), and specifically those of developing Asia, have strengthened economic links between the Far East and Saudi Arabia. Second, financial sector development in Saudi Arabia has gradually strengthened the monetary transmission mechanism. The former implies the increased importance of developing Asia’s growth cycle for the Saudi economy, while the latter suggests greater influence of U.S. monetary policy on the non-oil economy through the peg to the U.S dollar. As a result, divergence between the growth cycles in developing Asia and the United States has the potential to increasingly generate tension between policy objectives in Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Arabia --- Arabia saudita --- ʻArabīyah as Saʻūdīyah --- ʻArav ha-Saʻudit --- Hejaz and Nejd --- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia --- Mamlaka al-ʻArabiya as-Saʻudiya --- Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah --- Reino de Arabia Saudi --- Saudiarabien --- Saudovskai︠a︡ Aravii︠a︡ --- Sauji Arabia --- Saujiarabia --- Sha-tʻse A-la-po --- ערב הסעודית‏ --- サウディ・アラビア --- サウジアラビア --- Hejaz (Kingdom) --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions. --- Foreign economic relations. --- Petroleum industry and trade --- E-books --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Taxation --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Energy: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Monetary economics --- Economic growth --- Oil prices --- Oil, gas and mining taxes --- Oil --- Credit --- Business cycles --- Taxes --- Commodities --- Money

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This 2017 Article IV Consultation highlights Saudi Arabia’s launch of a bold reform program under Vision 2030, announced in 2016. The authorities have made considerable progress in initiating the implementation of their ambitious reform agenda. Non-oil growth is projected to pick up to 1.7 percent in 2017. Growth is expected to strengthen over the medium term as structural reforms are implemented. Risks mainly come from uncertainties about future oil prices, as well as questions about how the ongoing reforms will affect the economy. Employment growth has weakened, and the unemployment rate among Saudi nationals has increased to 12.3 percent. The fiscal deficit is also projected to narrow substantially in the coming years.

Saudi Arabia. --- Arabia saudita --- ʻArabīyah as Saʻūdīyah --- ʻArav ha-Saʻudit --- Hejaz and Nejd --- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia --- Mamlaka al-ʻArabiya as-Saʻudiya --- Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah al-Saʻūdīyah --- Reino de Arabia Saudi --- Saudiarabien --- Saudovskai︠a︡ Aravii︠a︡ --- Sauji Arabia --- Saujiarabia --- Sha-tʻse A-la-po --- ערב הסעודית‏ --- サウディ・アラビア --- サウジアラビア --- Hejaz (Kingdom) --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Fiscal Policy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Expenditure --- Fiscal policy --- Fiscal consolidation --- Oil prices --- Energy prices --- Expenditures, Public --- Finance --- Economic indicators --- Saudi Arabia