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Economic stabilization --- Macroeconomics --- Petroleum products --- Prices --- Venezuela --- Economic policy

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This report is organized in four sections. Section one provides an overview of the context in which many ECA cities consolidated. This section includes a review of the key factors that shaped the urban systems of ECA, including a discussion of the implication of urbanizing under planned economies and a discussion of recent demographic trends (migration and fertility). This section also includes an overview of the contribution of the urban sector to ECA's economy and the linkages between urbanization and economic development. Section two zooms into ECA's urban systems and describes emerging trends in population and economic density using the Cities in ECA database. Among the observed trends, is the emergence of two opposing patterns in ECA's urban system: one of (population) growth and one of decline. Section three takes a closer look at cities, comparing winners to losers, and parses through underlying factors that could explain their relative position. Finally, section four touches on the policy implications of the report's empirical findings, highlighting how other countries and cities have managed decline and identifies potential follow-up work. The report is based on a unique city-level database that covers more than 5,000 cities in the region. The report does not intend to provide country specific or in-depthassessment at the sub-regional level, does not cover other angles of interest (firm-level analysis, household-level analysis) or provide an in-depth analysis of policy implications. These are both limitations, and potential follow-up activities. However, the report is complemented by 17 country-level snapshots, which describe in detail country specific trends.

City Development Strategies --- Demographics --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National Urban Development Policies and Strategies --- Regional Urban Development --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development

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The study presents the results of model simulations showing the macroeconomic effects of the implementation of key climate change mitigation policies in Chile, aimed to reduce CO2eq emissions in accordance with Chilean latest NDC and a target of zero net CO2eq emissions by 2050. By using a multi-sector macroeconomic general equilibrium model, the study shows that the implementation of the proposed policy package could have an overall positive impact on the economy both in the short and long run, as measured by the effect on economic indicators such as GDP, and ensures decoupling of growth from fossil fuel use. Per the analysis, the expected level of GDP by 2050 could increase up to 4,4 percent when compared to the baseline scenario, which corresponds to a higher rate of growth of 0.13 pagesp. Main contribution to GDP is expected from increased private consumption and investment, with an estimated 2.4 and 1.7 percent respectively. Since positive economic and financial implications could arise from the implementation of the proposed mitigation package, the unsolicited participation of the private sector could be expected and enhanced. Remaining questions and discussions from the study relate to limitations for the uptake of mitigation measures sooner than long term scenarios. The study evaluated the macroeconomic impact of implementing a mitigation package aligned with the achievement of the recent updated Chilean NDC and committed zero net CO2eq emissions by 2050.

Carbon Policy and Trading --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies