Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Policies to tax farmers in low-income countries and policies to subsidize them in high-income countries have been identified as a major source of the disequilibrium of world agriculture. Recently, as many high-performing economies in Asia advanced from the low-income to the middle-income stage through successful industrialization, they have been confronted with the problem of a widening income gap between farm and non-farm workers corresponding to rapid shifts in comparative advantage from agriculture to manufacturing. In order to prevent this disparity from culminating in serious social and political instability, policies have been reoriented toward supporting the income of farmers. At the same time, governments in middle-income countries must continue to secure low-cost food for the urban poor who are still large in number. The need to achieve the two conflicting goals under the still weak fiscal capacity of governments tends to make agricultural policies in the middle-income stage tinkering and ineffective. Greater research inputs in this area are called for in order to prevent the growth momentum of high-performing economies in Asia from being disrupted by political crises.

Agriculture --- Comparative advantage --- Consumers --- Disequilibrium --- Economic growth --- Economic Theory and Research --- Elasticity --- Emerging Markets --- Food and Beverage Industry --- Income --- Industrialization --- Industry --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political economy --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Rapid industrialization --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The story of agricultural policy in Northeast Asia over the past 50 years illustrates the dramatic changes that can occur in distortions to agricultural incentives faced by producers and consumers at different stages of economic development. In this study of Japan, the Republic of Korea (the southern part of the peninsula, hereafter referred to as Korea) and the island of Taiwan, China (hereafter referred to as Taiwan), the authors estimate the degree of distortions for key agricultural products as well as for the agricultural sector as a whole over a period when these economies transitioned from low- or middle- to high-income status the beginning of the so-called East Asian economic miracle of dramatic industrial development. The three economies in terms of the nature of their economies, including their resource endowments that determined the course of their modern economic growth and development. The evolution of agricultural policies in the three economies is then reviewed before discussing how to measure distortions to agricultural incentives using the methodology from Anderson and others (2008), the focus of which is on nominal and relative rates of assistance. Implications of empirical findings for policy reforms in the three economies are discussed in the final section, where the authors also identify lessons for later-developing economies experiencing similar structural transformations in the course of their economic growth. Statistical observations are found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the success of rapid industrialization that advanced these economies to the middle-income stage resulted in declines in agriculture's comparative advantage associated with the growing income disparity between farmers and employees in non-agricultural sectors.

Agribusiness --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agricultural Workers --- Agriculture --- Animal Feed --- Barley --- Beef --- Cash Crops --- Consumers --- Corn --- Cotton --- Crop Diversification --- Drainage --- Economic Development --- Exchange Rates --- Farming --- Farmland --- Fertilizer --- Food Production --- Food Security --- Income Distribution --- Irrigation --- Land Reform --- Livestock --- Living Standards --- Marketing --- Meat --- Pesticides --- Plantations --- Political Economy --- Poultry --- Productivity --- Protectionism --- Purchasing Power --- Rice --- Rural Development --- Rural Population --- Staple Foods --- Sugar --- Trade Policy --- Wages --- Wheat --- World Trade Organization

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This collection of essays by Ruttan and Hayami spans their long career interest in the economics of technical and institutional change. At both a theoretical and empirical level, their analysis of "induced innovation" provides a solid foundation for understanding how and why technologies and institutions evolve in response to factors that constrain them. This book is a sweeping explanation of this process.

Economic development. --- Sustainable development. --- Agriculture --- Economic aspects. --- Economic development --- Sustainable development --- Economic aspects --- E-books --- Agrarian question --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural economics --- Agricultural production economics --- Production economics, Agricultural --- Land use, Rural --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Environmental aspects