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In 2011, spontaneous popular uprisings overthrew Muammar Qadhafi - one of the world's most infamous tyrants. Paradoxically, Qadhafi's efforts since 2003 to reform Libya's economy and rebuild the country's international relationships set the stage for his downfall. Despite the enabling effects of twenty-first century communications technology and the aid of NATO jets, the 2011 Libyan uprisings were organized primarily along traditional regional, local, and tribal cleavages. The future of post-Qadhafi Libya will be determined by a struggle between 'center' and 'periphery'. This contest has deep resonances in Libyan history. A world of contemporary political history, this volume analyzes the 2011 Libyan uprisings thematically - focusing on the roles of economics, outside actors, tribes, ethnic minorities, and Islamists. The volume's contributors include the British Ambassador to Libya during the uprisings, the president of the American University of Cairo, a former commander of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, and the world's leading academic and security specialists in Libyan affairs.

Internal politics --- anno 2010-2019 --- Libya --- Internal politicsanno 2010-2019Libya

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Since 20 December 2001 - the date which marked the authorisation of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to assist the Afghan Government - hundreds of thousands of coalition soldiers from around 50 different states have physically been and served in Afghanistan. Roughly 20 rotation periods have been experienced; billions of US dollars have been spent; and almost 3,500 coalition soldiers and 7,400 Afghani security personnel have fallen for Afghanistan. In this badly-managed success story, the true determiner of both tactical outcomes on the ground and strategic results was always the tribal and rural parts of Muslim-populated Afghanistan. Although there has emerged a vast literature on counterinsurgency theories and tactics, we still lack reliable information about the motivations and aspirations of the residents of Tribalised Rural Muslim Environments (TRMEs) that make up most of Afghanistan. The aim of this book is to describe some on-the-ground problems of counterinsurgency (COIN) efforts in TRMEs - specifically in rural Afghanistan - and then to propose how these efforts might be improved.

COUNTERINSURGENCY--AFGHANISTAN --- TRIBES--AFGHANISTAN --- Polemology --- anno 2010-2019 --- anno 2000-2009 --- Afghanistan

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Terrorism --- Jihad --- Polemology --- anno 2010-2019 --- JIHADISM --- ISLAM AND POLITICS --- ISLAM--AFGHANISTAN --- TERRORISM--RELIGIOUS ASPECTS--ISLAM

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Most contemporary accounts of the instability gripping Afghanistan and Pakistan have argued that violent Islamist extremism, including support for the Taliban and related groups, is either rooted in Pashtun history and culture, or finds willing hosts among communities on both sides of the border. The author demonstrates here that the unwillingness of both Afghanistan and Pakistan to absorb Pahstuns into their state structures, or incorporate them into the broader economic and political fabric, marks a critical failure of nation- and state-building in both countries. The author argues that religious extremism is the product of these critical failures, and that both Afghan and Pakistani elites bear some responsibility for the insecurity that plagues the region. Part eyewitness account and part meticulously researched scholarship, this book describes a people whose destiny will undoubtedly influence the future of Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Internal politics --- anno 2010-2019 --- anno 2000-2009 --- Pakistan --- Afghanistan --- Internal politicsanno 2010-2019 --- anno 2000-2009Pakistan

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This book explores the emerging phenomenon of 'surrogate warfare' in twenty-first century conflict. The popular notion of war is that it is fought en masse by the people of one side versus the other. But the reality today is that both state and non-state actors are increasingly looking to shift the burdens of war to surrogates. Surrogate warfare describes a patron's outsourcing of the strategic, operational, or tactical burdens of warfare, in whole or in part, to human and/or technological substitutes in order to minimize the costs of war. This phenomenon ranges from arming rebel groups, to the use of armed drones, to cyber propaganda. The authors bring old, related practices such as war by mercenary or proxy under this new overarching concept. Apart from analyzing the underlying sociopolitical drivers that trigger patrons to substitute or supplement military action, this book looks at the intrinsic trade-offs between substitutions and control that shapes the relationship between patron and surrogate.

MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE --- MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE--TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS --- Polemology --- anno 2000-2009 --- anno 2010-2019