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In July 1958, U.S. Marines stormed the beach in Beirut, Lebanon, ready for combat. They were greeted by vendors and sunbathers. Fortunately, the rest of their mission - helping to end Lebanon's first civil war - went nearly as smoothly and successfully, thanks in large part to the skillful work of American diplomats who helped arrange a compromise solution. Future American interventions in the region would not work out quite as well. The author tells here the now-forgotten story (forgotten, that is, in the United States) of the first U.S. combat operation in the Middle East. President Eisenhower sent the Marines in the wake of a bloody coup in Iraq, a seismic event that altered politics not only of that country but eventually of the entire region. Eisenhower feared that the coup, along with other conspiracies and events that seemed mysterious back in Washington, threatened American interests in the Middle East. His action, and those of others, were driven in large part by a cast of fascinating characters whose espionage and covert actions could be grist for a movie. Although Eisenhower's intervention in Lebanon was unique, certainly in its relatively benign outcome, it does hold important lessons for today's policymakers as they seek to deal with the always unexpected challenges in the Middle East. The author describes the scene as it emerged six decades ago, and he suggests that some of the lessons learned then are still valid today. A key lesson ? Not to rush to judgment when surprised by the unexpected. And don't assume the worst.
Polemology --- anno 1950-1959 --- Lebanon --- United States --- LEBANON--HISTORY--INTERVENTION, 1958 --- USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS--MIDDLE EAST --- MIDDLE EAST--FOREIGN RELATIONS--USA --- United States of America
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History of Asia --- History of North America --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1970-1979 --- Vietnam --- United States --- History of North Americaanno 1940-1949 --- anno 1970-1979Vietnam --- United States of America
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International relations. Foreign policy --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1970-1979 --- United States --- World politics --- Foreign relations --- World politicsUnited StatesForeign relations --- World politics - 1945 --- -United States - Foreign relations - 1945-1989. --- United States of America
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Seventy years ago, in the wake of World War II, the United States did something almost unprecedented in world history : it launched and paid for an economic aid plan to restore a continent reeling from war. The European Recovery Plan - better known as the Marshall Plan, after chief advocate Secretary of State George C. Marshall - was in part an act of charity but primarily an act of self-interest, intended to prevent postwar Western Europe from succumbing to communism. By speeding the recovery of Europe and establishing the basis for NATO and diplomatic alliances that endure to this day, it became one of the most successful U.S. government programs ever. The Brookings Institution played an important role in the adoption of the Marshall Plan. At the request of Arthur Vandenberg, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Brookings scholars analyzed the plan, including the specifics of how it could be implemented. Their report gave Vandenberg the information he needed to shepherd the plan through a Republican dominated Congress in a presidential election year.
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Russia, under both the Soviets and Vladimir Putin, is in a struggle with Western civilization, and has conducted influence campaigns to weaken and undermine the West from within. This study of influence campaigns waged against the West by the Soviet Union and now by Russia under President Vladimir Putin is intended to present a detailed overview and analysis of the various influence campaigns. Methods and means employed by the Soviet Union included active measures, disinformation, propaganda, controlled international front groups, agents of influence, forgeries, and reflexive control. Campaign themes are examined, and two key campaigns against NATO deployment of the neutron bomb and intermediate-range nuclear force are analyzed as case studies of a successful and failed campaign. The influence campaigns waged by President Putin against the West combine time tested methods with new information age techniques not available during the Soviet era including internet trolls, social media, information warfare, and cyber operations. Both similarities and differences exist in the execution and objectives of influence campaigns conducted by the Soviet Union and Putin’s Russia.
PROPAGANDA, RUSSIAN --- DISINFORMATION--RUSSIA (FEDERATION) --- DISINFORMATION--USSR --- USSR--FOREIGN RELATIONS --- RUSSIA (FEDERATION)--FOREIGN RELATIONS --- Politics --- anno 2000-2009 --- anno 1980-1989 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 2010-2019 --- anno 1970-1979 --- anno 1990-1999 --- Russia --- Polemology
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Exploring the visions of the end of the Cold War that have been put forth since its inception until its actual ending, this volume brings to the fore the reflections, programmes, and strategies that were intended to call into question the bipolar system and replace it with alternative approaches or concepts. These visions were associated not only with prominent individuals, organized groups and civil societies, but were also connected to specific historical processes or events. They ranged from actual, thoroughly conceived programmes, to more blurred, utopian aspirations - or simply the belie.
Cold War --- World politics --- Balance of power --- International relations --- Guerre froide --- Politique mondiale --- Equilibre des puissances --- Relations internationales --- International relations. Foreign policy --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1980-1989 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1970-1979 --- Europe --- 1945-1989
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History of the United Kingdom and Ireland --- History of Germany and Austria --- History of Eastern Europe --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- Detente. --- German reunification question (1949-1990) --- Great Britain --- Germany (West) --- Europe --- Military policy. --- Foreign relations --- German reunification question (1949-1990)Great Britain --- EuropeMilitary policy. --- German reunification question (1949-1990).
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861 Vredesbeweging --- 872 Massavernietigingswapens --- Antinuclear movement --- Nuclear disarmament --- History. --- Mouvement antinucléaire --- Désarmement nucléaire --- History --- Histoire --- World history --- Polemology --- anno 1970-1979 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- Anti-nuclear movement --- Antinuclear protest movement --- Nuclear freeze movement --- Protest movement, Antinuclear --- Social movements --- Nuclear power plants
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Middle East --- Soviet Union --- Russia (Federation) --- Moyen-Orient --- URSS --- Russie --- Politics and government --- Foreign relations --- Politique et gouvernement --- Relations extérieures --- Russia (Federation)Politics and government --- Relations extérieures --- International relations. Foreign policy --- Primakov, Evgenii Maksimovich --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 2000-2009 --- anno 1980-1989 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1970-1979 --- anno 1990-1999 --- Russia --- Arab States --- Arab states --- Middle East - Politics and government - 1945 --- -Middle East - Foreign relations - Soviet Union --- Soviet Union - Foreign relations - Middle East --- Middle East - Foreign relations - Russia (Federation) --- Russia (Federation) - Foreign relations - Middle East
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World history --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1980-1989 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1970-1979 --- Military history, Modern --- World politics --- Histoire militaire --- Politique mondiale --- Developing countries --- Pays en développement --- Economic conditions --- Conditions économiques --- 327 <09> --- -Developing countries --- -World politics --- -Colonialism --- Global politics --- International politics --- Political history --- Political science --- Eastern question --- Geopolitics --- International organization --- International relations --- Modern military history --- Geschiedenis van de internationale betrekkingen --- Modern military historyGeschiedenis van de internationale betrekkingen --- -Geschiedenis van de internationale betrekkingen --- 327 <09> Geschiedenis van de internationale betrekkingen --- -327 <09> Geschiedenis van de internationale betrekkingen --- Colonialism --- Pays en développement --- Conditions économiques --- Coexistence (World politics) --- Peaceful coexistence --- Economic conditions. --- 1945 --- -Military history [Modern ] --- 20th century --- World politics - 1945 --- -Military history, Modern - 20th century. --- Developing countries - Economic conditions.
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