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EUROPEAN DEFENCE AGENCY --- EUROPE--ARMED FORCES--PROCUREMENT

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This book explores the circumstances that led to Britain's support of the United States in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and how the Ministry of Defence coped with challenges including rivalry and diffuse responsibility among the Service Chiefs, lack of clear strategy, and weak domestic political support.

IRAQ WAR, 2003-2011--PARTICIPATION, BRITISH --- AFGHAN WAR, 2001 --- PARTICIPATION, BRITISH --- GREAT BRITAIN. MINISTRY OF DEFENCE

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Throughout history, the concept of command - as both a way to achieve objectives and as an assertion of authority - has been essential to military action and leadership. But, as Sir Lawrence Freedman shows, it is also deeply political. Military command has been reconstructed and revolutionized since the Second World War by nuclear warfare, small-scale guerrilla land operations and cyber interference. Freedman takes a global perspective, systematically investigating its practice and politics since 1945 through a wide range of conflicts from the French Colonial Wars, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Bangladesh Liberation War to North Vietnam's Easter Offensive of 1972, the Falklands War, the Iraq War and Russia's wars in Chechnya and Ukraine.

COMMAND OF TROOPS--POLITICAL ASPECTS --- MILITARY HISTORY--POLITICAL ASPECTS --- POLITICS AND WAR --- WARFARE AND DEFENCE

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"This book challenges the conventional wisdom-one that has long been asserted by policymakers and cyber experts alike-that cyberspace is a dangerous environment prone to escalation. Rather than triggering increasingly severe patterns of violence, the evidence shows that cyber actions and responses generally follow a proportionate, tit-for-tat dynamic. Therefore, this book offers a theoretical framework that draws on core conceptions in security studies and extends their logic to the cyber domain to explain the general absence of cyber escalation. In doing so, it draws on central characteristics of cyber operations that the authors argue mitigate pathways to escalation and dampen the potential for strategic interactions between rival states in cyberspace to intensify. In the book, the theory's logic is also extended to explore the conditions under which cyber operations could contribute to the de-escalation of crises, as well as articulate proposition for specific scenarios in which-despite the overall low probability-escalation could nevertheless occur. In this sense, the book offers a comprehensive perspective on the nature of cyber escalation across the spectrum from competition to crisis and conflict. It not only seeks to interrogate long-held assumptions about escalation in cyberspace, but also to reframe the conversation away from binary debates about whether or not escalation is likely and instead identify the conditions under which escalation-or de-escalation-may be more or less likely as a result of cyber operations. To evaluate these arguments, the authors assess cyber behavior in the context of a number of different crises and strategic rivalries, with deep dives into several dyads involving the United States and its rivals. The question of whether cyberspace is escalatory is not one of mere semantics or academic inquiry; there are direct and significant implications for states that may discount, overestimate, or miscalculate the risks of operating in and through cyberspace. Therefore, the book concludes by discussing a series of implementable policy recommendations that stem from the analysis, with a focus on the implications for U.S. cyber strategy and operations"--

CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS (MILITARY SCIENCE) --- ESCALATION (MILITARY SCIENCE) --- ESCALATION (MILITARY SCIENCE) --- WARFARE AND DEFENCE

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"This volume provides a comprehensive understanding of the European Defence Agency (EDA), the leading EU armaments policy institution. Despite its critical role in European strategic and military affairs as the key hub of European policy-making in the field of armaments, the Agency has hitherto received very little attention by the academic and research community around Europe. To fill this gap in the literature, the book covers a multitude of inter-related themes and topics. Not only does it provide a detailed analysis and assessment of the Agency's record as the first institution dealing solely with EU armaments policy, but it also links these findings to international relations and European integration theory. Thematically, the contributions go beyond the mere description of achievements, gaps and risks, elaborating on novel themes such as space, offsets, pooling and sharing, and transatlantic armaments relations. The book combines an interdisciplinary approach to the study of European defence with theoretical and ontological pluralism, and seeks to unveil the strategic, industrial, institutional and ideational sources of armaments collaboration and capability development under the aegis of the EDA. The multi-faceted orientation of the book will be of much interest to students of European Security, EU institutions, defence studies, arms control and IR in general"--

EUROPEAN DEFENCE AGENCYEUROPE--ARMED FORCES--PROCUREMENT --- HISTORY / Europe / General. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Freedom & Security / International Security. --- European Defence Agency. --- European Union countries --- Defenses. --- Military policy.