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Book
Identifying the enemy : civilian participation in armed conflict
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ISBN: 9780199678495 0199678499 Year: 2015 Publisher: Oxford : Oxford Unversity Press,

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Abstract

Under the laws of armed conflict, civilians cannot be targeted unless they take direct part in hostilities. Once civilians take action, they become targets. This book analyses the complex question of how to identify just who those civilians are. Over the past twenty-five years, significant changes in the conduct of wars have increasingly placed civilians in traditional military roles - employing civilians to execute drone strikes, the 'targeted killing' of suspected terrorists, the use of private security contractors in combat zones, and the spread of cyber attacks are amongst some of the most notable. All of these have made the process of distinguishing between civilian and military actors exceptionally fraught. This book examines the history of civilian participation in armed conflict and how the law has responded to such action. It asks the crucial question : what is 'direct participation in hostilities' ? The book slices through the attempts to untie this Gordian knot, and shows that the changing nature of warfare has called into question the very foundation of the civilian/military dichotomy that is at the heart of the law of armed conflict.

Misfortunes of war : press and public reactions to civilian deaths in wartime
Authors: --- --- ---
ISBN: 9780833038975 1281180874 9786611180874 0833042440 1433709406 0833038974 9780833042446 9781433709401 9781281180872 6611180877 Year: 2007 Publisher: Santa Monica, CA : RAND Project Air Force,

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Abstract

This book analyzes media and public reactions to civilian casualty incidents to determine whether these incidents affect media reporting or public support for military operations. Using case studies of incidents of civilian deaths over the last decade (the 1991 Al Firdos bunker bombing, the 1999 Djakovica convoy and Chinese embassy attacks, the 2002 Afghan wedding party attack, and the 2003 Baghdad marketplace explosion), the study team examined U.

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