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Historians have long argued about the place of trade in classical antiquity: was it the life-blood of a complex, Mediterranean-wide economic system, or a thin veneer on the surface of an underdeveloped agrarian society? Trade underpinned the growth of Athenian and Roman power, helping to supply armies and cities. It furnished the goods that ancient elites needed to maintain their dominance - and yet, those same elites generally regarded trade and traders as a threat to social order. Trade, like the patterns of consumption that determined its development, was implicated in wider debates about politics, morality and the state of society, just as the expansion of trade in the modern world is presented both as the answer to global poverty and as an instrument of exploitation and cultural imperialism. This 2007 book explores the nature and importance of ancient trade, considering its ecological and cultural significance as well as its economic aspects.

Commerce --- History --- Histoire --- Mediterranean Region --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Méditerranée, Region de la --- History. --- Social life and customs. --- Moeurs et coutumes --- Circum-Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Area --- Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Sea Region --- Arts and Humanities

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Art, Ancient --- Art, Classical --- Games in art --- Games --- Toys --- Amusements --- Children's paraphernalia --- Infants' supplies --- Miniature objects --- Children --- Children's games --- Games, Primitive --- Games for children --- Pastimes --- Primitive games --- Recreations --- Entertaining --- Physical education and training --- Play --- Sports --- Exhibitions --- Recreation --- Mediterranean Region --- Circum-Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Area --- Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Sea Region --- Antiquities --- Exhibitions.

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Comment prévoir l’inconnu et contrôler l’inattendu ? Les Anciens ont tenté de répondre à ces questions en interprétant des signes dans lesquels il reconnaissaient des messages divins. Ce recueil permet de comparer la diversité de leurs questionnements dans les sociétés polythéistes ou monothéistes de la Méditerranée antique. Il interroge premièrement la construction rituelle des signes au sein des institutions divinatoires ; deuxièmement, des phénomènes naturels spontanés, qui, apparus hors de toute institution, ont néanmoins valeur de présages ou d’avertissements ; troisièmement, l’intentionnalité manifestée à travers l’intervention divine dans l’histoire des peuples ou les vies singulières ; quatrièmement, l’épistémologie des signes dans des élaborations philosophiques ou théologiques qui éclairent la tension entre données oraculaires et contrôle ritualisé des signes, entre données révélées et argumentations raisonnées visant à neutraliser les injonctions du destin. How to foresee the unknown and master the unexpected? Ancient people tried to answer those questions by interpreting signs considered as divine messages. In this volume, the writers compare and examine this manifold questioning in the polytheistic and monotheistic societies of the ancient Mediterranean Sea. In the first place, it is shown how signs were ritually constructed within instituted practice of divination ; second, how, although some spontaneous natural phenomena appeared out of any instituted context, may nevertheless constitute omens or monition ; third, how the gods’ intervention may reveal a sort of intention in the course of national history or individual life ; finally, the essays study the epistemology of signs at work in some philosophical or theological elaborations, which may enlighten the tension between oracular evidence and ritual control of signs, and between revealed facts and reasoning arguments intending to neutralize the injunctions of the divine.

Omens --- Divination --- Présages --- History --- Religious aspects --- Histoire --- Aspect religieux --- Mediterranean Region --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Religious life and customs. --- Vie religieuse --- Méditerranée ancienne --- --Divination --- --Religions antiques --- --History --- Religious life and customs --- History. --- 291 --- Religion Comparative religion --- Présages --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Portents --- Prodigies (Omens) --- Signs (Omens) --- Superstition --- Signs and symbols --- Augury --- Soothsaying --- Occultism --- Worship --- Circum-Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Area --- Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Sea Region --- Omens - Mediterranean Region - History --- Divination - Mediterranean Region - History --- Religions antiques --- Mediterranean Region - Religious life and customs

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Sociology of literature --- Comparative religion --- Comparative literature --- Mediterranean countries --- Mythology --- Social structure --- Mythologie --- Structure sociale --- Sociological aspects --- Congresses --- Aspect sociologique --- Congrès --- Mythe --- Sacré --- Mythologie grecque --- Littérature et anthropologie --- Aspect ethnologique. --- Littérature. --- Mythe. --- Mythologie. --- Mythologie grecque. --- Aspect social --- Congrès. --- Anthropologie --- Influence --- Méditerranée orientale (Région) --- Méditerranée orientale (Région). --- Congrès --- Sacré --- Littérature méditerranéenne --- Méditerranée (région ; est) --- Histoire et critique --- Religion

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Ancient history --- Comparative religion --- Cumont, Franz V.M. --- Mediterranean countries --- Assyrisch-Babylonische godsdienst --- Assyro-Babylonian religion --- Colloques --- Colloquia --- Cumont, Franz --- Godsdienstgeschiedenis --- Histoire des religions --- Huldeboeken --- Mélanges --- Religion [Assyro-Babylonian] --- Religion assyro-babylonienne --- Syncretism (Religion) --- Syncretisme (Godsdienst) --- Syncrétisme (Religion) --- Syncrétisme --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Cumont, Franz, --- Mediterranean Region --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Religion --- Religions --- Antiquité --- 291.161 --- #GOSA:XV.Alg.M --- #GOSA:II.Oud.M --- 929 CUMONT, FRANZ --- 292 --- 306.6 --- Syncretisme. Vermenging van verschillende godsdiensten --- Godsdienst --- Godsdiensten van Grieken en Romeinen. Klassieke mythologie --- Social Sciences Culture and institutions Religions institutions --- Conferences - Meetings --- 291.161 Syncretisme. Vermenging van verschillende godsdiensten --- Syncrétisme --- Congrès --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- Eclecticism (Religion) --- Religious syncretism --- Unionism (Religion) --- Circum-Mediterranean countries --- Mediterranean Area --- Mediterranean Sea Region --- Egypt --- Greece --- Rome --- Etruscans --- Cumont, Franz Valery Marie --- fe --- uskonto --- náboženstvo --- vallás --- religión --- religioon --- godsdienst --- religie --- vjera --- religija --- religione --- reliģija --- religião --- náboženství --- religia --- религија --- reliġjon --- θρησκεία --- religion --- религия --- usutunnistus --- víra --- deismus --- светец --- теизам --- irreligiosità --- religiosità --- zbožnost --- věřící --- религиозност --- religiozita --- teismus --- деизам --- побожност --- světec --- kreacionismus --- panteismus --- Religionsgemeinschaft --- fideismus --- svatý --- vallási közösség --- Glaubensgemeinschaft --- pobožnost --- верници --- вера --- пантеизам --- Antiquité. --- reiligiún --- Syncretism (Religion) - Congresses. --- Congresses.