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History of education and educational sciences --- Didactics of languages --- anno 1500-1799 --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- -Language and languages --- -Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Study and teaching --- -History --- -Congresses --- Grammar, Comparative --- -Study and teaching --- languages [study discipline] --- Foreign languages --- Study and teaching&delete& --- History --- Congresses --- History&delete& --- Languages [Modern ]

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Turnbull, Adrien --- Humanism --- Printing --- Printers --- History --- Biography --- Turnèbe, Adrien --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Turnèbe, Adrien, --- classics [discipline] --- pressmen --- humanists [people] --- France --- 16th century --- Sources --- Classical philology --- Classicists --- Humanists --- Study and teaching --- Intellectual life --- Classical philology - Study and teaching - France - History - 16th century --- Classicists - France - Biography --- Humanists - France - Biography --- France - Intellectual life - 16th century

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The foundations of the modern Western understanding of Islamic civilization were laid in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Well after the Crusades but before modern colonialism, Europeans first accurately translated the Qur'an into a European language, mapped the branches of the Islamic arts and sciences, and wrote the history of Muslim societies using Arabic sources. The Republic of Arabic Letters provides the first panoramic treatment of this transformation. Relying on a variety of unpublished sources in six languages, it recounts how Christian scholars first came to a clear-eyed view of Islam. Its protagonists are Europeans who learned Arabic and used their linguistic skills to translate and interpret Islamic civilization. Christians both Catholic and Protestant, and not the secular thinkers of the Enlightenment, established this new knowledge, which swept away religious prejudice and cast aside a medieval tradition of polemical falsehoods. Beginning with the collection of Islamic manuscripts in the Near East and beyond, the book moves from Rome, Paris and Oxford to Cambridge, London and Leiden in order to reconstruct the most important breakthroughs in this scholarly movement. By identifying the individual manuscripts used, The Republic of Arabic Letters reveals how the translators, willing to be taught by Islamic traditions, imported contemporary Muslim interpretations and judgments into the European body of knowledge about Islam. Eventually, their books reached readers like Voltaire and Edward Gibbon, who assimilated not just their factual content but their interpretations, weaving them into the fabric of Enlightenment thought.--

Arabic literature --- Islamic literature --- Enlightenment. --- History and criticism. --- Islam --- History of civilization --- History of Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- Islamic civilization --- Enlightenment --- Christian scholars --- Study and teaching --- History --- Europe --- Civilization --- Islamic influences. --- Christian scholars. --- Study and teaching. --- Europe. --- Europe, Western. --- History.

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Japanese language --- Writing --- Calligraphy, Japanese --- Penmanship, Japanese --- Calligraphy, Chinese --- Calligraphie japonaise --- Arabe (Langue) --- Calligraphie chinoise --- Study and teaching --- Etude et enseignement --- Ecriture --- Japanese [culture or style] --- teaching --- writing [processes]

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History of education and educational sciences --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Germany --- Geschiedenis van opvoeding en onderwijs --- handboeken en inleidingen --- handboeken en inleidingen. --- Language and languages --- Study and teaching --- History --- 18th century --- 19th century