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Agriculture is certainly the most important food supplier while it globally accounts for more than 70% of water used and contributes significantly to water pollution. Irrigated agriculture is facing rising competition worldwide for access to reliable, low cost, and high-quality water resources. However, irrigation as the major tool and determinant of affecting agricultural productivity and environmental resources plays a critical role in food security and environment sustainability. Innovative irrigation technologies and practices may enhance agricultural water efficiency and production, in the meantime decrease the water demand and quality issues. I am very pleased to invite you to submit manuscripts in agricultural irrigation which assess current challenges and offer improvement approaches and opportunities for future irrigation.

semi-arid regions --- greenhouse gas emission --- model simulation --- spinach --- benchmarking --- leaf mineral composition --- available water capacity --- irrigated crops --- organic production --- site-specific irrigation --- infiltration depth --- pumping plants --- performance indicator --- treated wastewater irrigation --- precision agriculture --- evaluation of performance --- total yield --- row cover --- irrigation --- slope gradient --- farming data --- optimal irrigation time --- lettuce production --- life cycle assessment --- mulch --- monthly changes --- irrigation water use efficiency --- energy audit --- crop evapotranspiration --- irrigation management --- downy mildew --- biomass production --- water application rate --- tomato fruit yield --- temperature variations --- irrigation water regimes --- salinization --- net irrigation requirements --- center-pivot irrigation --- cover crop --- climate change adaptation --- deficit irrigation --- drip irrigation --- Mediterranean region --- principal component analysis --- global sensitivity analysis

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During the past five decades, we have witnessed a tremendous evolution in water resource system management. Three characteristics of this evolution are of particular note: First, the application of the systems approach to complex water management problems has been established as one of the most important advances in the field of water resource management. Second, the past five decades have brought a remarkable transformation of attitude in the water resource management community towards environmental concerns and action to address these concerns. Third, applying the principles of sustainability to water resource decision-making requires major changes in the objectives on which decisions are based, and an understanding of the complicated inter-relationships between existing ecological, economic, and social factors. The Special Issue includes 15 contributions that offer insights into contemporary problems, approaches, and issues related to the management of complex water resources systems. It will be presumptuous to say that these 15 contributions characterize the success or failure of the systems approach to support water resources decision-making. However, these contributions offer interesting lessons from current experiences and highlight possible future work.

system dynamics --- system analysis --- complex water system --- uncertainty assessment --- climate change --- regional climate models --- averaging procedures --- HEC-HMS --- Lim river --- Lim water systems --- n/a --- artificial recharge --- groundwater --- treated wastewater --- freshwater resources --- water footprint --- water management --- wine production --- winemaking sector --- Italy --- SuDS --- decision-making --- Soft Systems --- ANP --- modelling --- stakeholder --- systems analyses --- water resources --- planning --- management --- implementation --- political processes --- innovation --- impact --- multi-purpose dam --- water resources systems --- performance-based engineering --- simulation --- resilience --- disaster --- risk --- perception --- community --- Canada --- integrated urban watershed management --- group decision-support system --- risk analysis --- group consensus --- Kashafroud watershed --- water policy --- water portfolio planning --- water resources management --- systems assessment --- adaptive capacity --- coupled human–natural systems --- integrated water resources management --- sociohydrology --- modeling perspectives --- agent-based modeling --- differential equations --- uncertainty --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- water resource modelling --- multiobjective optimisation --- river abstraction --- reservoir operation --- stochastic dynamic programming --- fuzzy optimization --- reservoir-river system --- water quantity-quality management --- socio-hydrology --- hydro-sociology --- human-water systems --- human-nature systems --- social-ecological systems --- CHANS --- SES --- socio-hydrologic modeling --- IWRM --- hydrology --- multireservoir operations --- optimization --- multi-agent reinforcement learning --- aggregation–decomposition --- neural networks --- systems --- complexity --- coupled human-natural systems --- aggregation-decomposition