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Stellar dynamics is an interdisciplinary field where mathematics, statistics, physics, and astronomy overlap. The approaches to studying a stellar system include dealing with the collisionless Boltzmann equation, the Chandrasekhar equations, and stellar hydrodynamic equations, which are comparable to the equations of motion of a compressible viscous fluid. Their equivalence gives rise to the closure problem, connected with the higher-order moments of the stellar velocity distribution, which is explained and solved for maximum entropy distributions and for any velocity distribution function, depending on a polynomial function in the velocity variables. On the other hand, the Milky Way kinematics in the solar neighbourhood needs to be described as a mixture distribution accounting for the stellar populations composing the Galactic components. As such, the book offers a statistical study, according to the moments and cumulants of a population mixture, and a dynamical approach, according to a superposition of Chandrasekhar stellar systems, connected with the potential function and the symmetries of the model.

Galactic dynamics. --- Stellar dynamics. --- Computer simulation. --- Mathematical models. --- Dynamique stellaire. --- Simulation par ordinateur. --- Modèles mathématiques.

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Accretion flows, winds and jets of compact astrophysical objects and stars are generally described within the framework of hydrodynamical and magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) flows. Analytical analysis of the problem provides profound physical insights, which are essential for interpreting and understanding the results of numerical simulations. Providing such a physical understanding of MHD Flows in Compact Astrophysical Objects is the main goal of this book, which is an updated translation of a successful Russian graduate textbook. The book provides the first detailed introduction into the method of the Grad-Shafranov equation, describing analytically the very broad class of hydrodynamical and MHD flows. It starts with the classical examples of hydrodynamical accretion onto relativistic and nonrelativistic objects. The force-free limit of the Grad-Shafranov equation allows us to analyze in detail the physics of the magnetospheres of radio pulsars and black holes, including the Blandford-Znajek process of energy extraction from a rotating black hole immersed in an external magnetic field. Finally, on the basis of the full MHD version of the Grad-Shafranov equation the author discusses the problems of jet collimation and particle acceleration in Active Galactic Nuclei, radio pulsars, and Young Stellar Objects. The comparison of the analytical results with numerical simulations demonstrates their good agreement. Assuming that the reader is familiar with the basic physical and mathematical concepts of General Relativity, the author uses the 3+1 split approach which allows the formulation of all results in terms of physically clear language of three dimensional vectors. The book contains detailed derivations of equations, numerous exercises, and an extensive bibliography. It therefore serves as both an introductory text for graduate students and a valuable reference work for researchers in the field.

Astrophysical jets -- Mathematics. --- Magnetohydrodynamics -- Mathematics. --- Stellar dynamics -- Mathematics. --- Magnetohydrodynamics --- Astrophysical jets --- Stellar dynamics --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematics --- Mathematics. --- Dynamics, Stellar --- Stars --- Magneto-hydrodynamics --- MHD (Physics) --- Dynamics --- Physics. --- Gravitation. --- Astrophysics. --- Space sciences. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Celestial mechanics --- Jets --- Radio sources (Astronomy) --- Fluid dynamics --- Plasma dynamics --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Relativity (Physics) --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Properties

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Studying the complex physical systems of stellar jets necessitates the incorporation of nonlinear effects which occur on a wide variety of length and timescales. One of the primary methods used to study the physics of jets is numerical simulations that apply high performance computing techniques. Such techniques are also required for analysing the huge modern astrophysical datasets. This book examines those computing techniques. It is a collection of the lectures from the fifth and final school of the JETSET network, "Jets From Young Stars V: High Performance Computing in Astrophysics." It begins with an introduction to parallel programming techniques, with an emphasis on Message Passing Interface (MPI), before it goes on to review grid technology techniques and offer a practical introduction to Virtual Observatory. The second half of the book, then, is devoted to applications of high performance computing techniques, including 3D radiation transfer, to jet and star formation processes. Aimed at graduate students in astrophysics, this book presents state-of-the-art methods, thereby offering interesting new insights to researchers in the field.

Astrophysical jets --- Stellar dynamics --- Magnetohydrodynamic instabilities --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematical models --- Hydromagnetic instabilities --- Instabilities, Magnetohydrodynamic --- MHD instabilities --- Dynamics, Stellar --- Stars --- Dynamics --- Physics. --- Astrophysics. --- Space sciences. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Numerical and Computational Physics. --- Magnetohydrodynamics --- Plasma instabilities --- Celestial mechanics --- Jets --- Radio sources (Astronomy) --- Young stars --- High performance computing

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Astronomical jets are key astrophysical phenomena observed in gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei or young stars. Research on them has largely occurred within the domains of astronomical observations, astrophysical modeling and numerical simulations, but the recent advent of high energy density facilities has added experimental control to jet studies. Front-line research on jet launching and collimation requires a highly interdisciplinary approach and an elevated level of sophistication. Bridging the gaps between pure magnetohydrodynamics, thermo-chemical evolution, high angular resolution spectro-imaging and laboratory experiments is no small matter. This volume strives to bridge those very gaps. It offers a series of lectures which, taken as whole, act as a thorough reference for the foundations of this discipline. These lectures address the following: · laboratory jets physics from laser and z-pinch plasma experiments, · the magnetohydrodynamic theory of relativistic and non-relativistic stationary jets, · heating mechanisms in magnetohydrodynamic jets, from the solar magnetic reconnection to the molecular shock heating perspectives, · atomic and molecular microphysics of jet shocked material. In addition to the lectures, the book offers, in closing, a presentation of a series of observational diagnostics, thus allowing for the recovery of basic physical quantities from jet emission lines.

Astrophysical jets --- Stellar dynamics --- Magnetohydrodynamic instabilities --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Astronomy - General --- Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Hydromagnetic instabilities --- Instabilities, Magnetohydrodynamic --- MHD instabilities --- Dynamics, Stellar --- Stars --- Dynamics --- Earth sciences. --- Planetology. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Astrophysics. --- Space sciences. --- Amorphous substances. --- Complex fluids. --- Earth Sciences. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Soft and Granular Matter, Complex Fluids and Microfluidics. --- Observations. --- Complex liquids --- Fluids, Complex --- Amorphous substances --- Liquids --- Soft condensed matter --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences

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The first detection on Earth of a gravitational wave signal from the coalescence of a binary black hole system in 2015 established a new era in astronomy, allowing the scientific community to observe the Universe with a new form of radiation for the first time. More than five years later, many more gravitational wave signals have been detected, including the first binary neutron star coalescence in coincidence with a gamma ray burst and a kilonova observation. The field of gravitational wave astronomy is rapidly evolving, making it difficult to keep up with the pace of new detector designs, discoveries, and astrophysical results. This Special Issue is, therefore, intended as a review of the current status and future directions of the field from the perspective of detector technology, data analysis, and the astrophysical implications of these discoveries. Rather than presenting new results, the articles collected in this issue will serve as a reference and an introduction to the field. This Special Issue will include reviews of the basic properties of gravitational wave signals; the detectors that are currently operating and the main sources of noise that limit their sensitivity; planned upgrades of the detectors in the short and long term; spaceborne detectors; a data analysis of the gravitational wave detector output focusing on the main classes of detected and expected signals; and implications of the current and future discoveries on our understanding of astrophysics and cosmology.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- LIGO --- Virgo --- KAGRA --- gravitational waves --- detector characterization --- data quality --- noise mitigation --- seismic noise --- Newtonian noise --- seismic isolation system --- noise subtraction --- DECIGO --- thermal noise --- quantum noise --- diffraction loss --- interferometers --- ground based gravitational-wave detector --- Advanced Virgo --- gravitational-wave backgrounds --- stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds --- stochastic searches of gravitational waves --- gravitational-wave laser interferometers --- pulsar timing arrays --- gravitational wave detectors --- optomechanics --- low-noise high-power laser interferometry --- calibration --- interferometer --- gravitational wave --- astrophysics --- laser metrology --- squeezed states --- quantum optics --- gravitational wave detector --- laser interferometer --- cryogenics --- underground --- einstein telescope --- newtonian noise --- coating noise --- silicon --- suspensions --- payload --- cryostat --- core-collapse supernova --- future detectors --- continuous gravitational waves --- neutron stars --- dark matter --- gravitational-wave astrophysics --- stars --- black holes --- stellar evolution --- binary stars --- stellar dynamics --- laser interferometers --- n/a