Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Long-lasting T cell immunity is delivered by an array of individual T lymphocytes expressing clonally distributed and highly specific antigen receptors recognizing an almost infinite number of antigens that might enter in contact with the host. Following antigen-specific priming in lymphnodes, naïve CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes proliferate generating clones of effector cells that migrate to peripheral tissues and deliver unique antigen-specific effector functions. Moreover, a proportion of these effector lymphocytes survive as memory T cells that can be rapidly mobilized upon new exposure to the same antigen, even years after their primary induction. Innate immune cells play crucial roles in the induction and maintenance of this efficient protection system. Following the seminal discovery of Steinman and Cohen in 1974 describing a rare cell type capable of initiating antigen-specific responses in lymphnodes, Dendritic Cells (DC) have taken up the stage for several decades as professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC). Although DC possess all attributes to prime naïve T lymphocytes, other immune cell subsets become crucial accessory cells during secondary and even primary activation. For instance, Monocytes (Mo) are rapidly recruited to inflammatory sites and have recently been recognized as capable of shaping T cell immunity, either directly through Ag presentation, or indirectly through the secretion of soluble factors. In addition, upon sensing of T cell-derived cytokines, Mo differentiate into functionally different APC types that further impact on the quality and persistence of memory T cell responses in peripheral tissues. Other innate immune cells, including Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells, Granulocytes and iNKT lymphocytes, are known to modulate T cell activation by interacting with and modifying the function of professional APC. Notably, innate immune cell determinants also account for the tissue-specific regulation of T cell immunity. Hence, the newly discovered family of Innate Lymphoid Cells, has been recognized to shape CD4+ T cell responses at mucosal surfaces. Although the actions of innate immune cells fulfills the need of initiating and maintaining protective T cell responses, the excessive presence or activity of individual determinants may be detrimental to the host, because it could promote tissue destruction as in autoimmunity and allergy, or conversely, prevent the induction of immune responses against malignant tissues, and even modulate the response to therapeutic agents. Thus, understanding how defined innate immune cell subsets control T cell immunity is of fundamental relevance to understand human health, and of practical relevance for preventing and curing human diseases. In this research topic, we intend to provide an excellent platform for the collection of manuscripts addressing in depth how diverse innate immune cell subsets impact on T cell responses through molecularly defined pathways and evaluating the rational translation of basic research into clinical applications.

Immunedeficiencies --- Antigen Presentation --- Granulocytes --- T cell memory --- Immunotherapy --- Skin --- Mononuclear Phagocytes --- innate lymphoid cells --- Inflammatory diseases --- Cancer

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In recent years, researchers have identified a pivotal, upstream role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the innate immune response. This pioneering book describes this renaissance of knowledge in the biology of MIF. Topics covered include MIF's molecular mechanism of action, its counterregulatory action on the immunosuppressive properties of glucocorticoids, its role in the production of proinflammatory mediators as shown in cell-based and animal studies; and its central role in human inflammation. Human genetic studies have identified allelic forms of the MIF gene, and high-

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor. --- Macrophages. --- Histiocytes --- Mononuclear phagocytes --- Antigen presenting cells --- Connective tissue cells --- Killer cells --- Phagocytes --- Reticulo-endothelial system --- Inhibition factor, Macrophage migration --- Inhibitory factor, Macrophage migration --- Macrophage migration inhibition factor --- MIF (Macrophage migration inhibitory factor) --- Migration inhibition factor, Macrophage --- Migration inhibitory factor, Macrophage --- Lymphokines

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Toll Receptors and the Renaissance of Innate Immunity Elizabeth H. Bassett and Tina Rich Overview n the last few pages of Immunology: The Science of Self-Nonself Discrimination Jan Klein ponders on what he would study if he were to start over in the lab. ^ Dismissing the I antibody, MHC, the T-cell and parasitology, he considers instead the phylogeny of immune reactions, particularly in ancient phyla. As for a favored cell he chooses the macrophage. Describ­ ing it as a ^^MddchenfUr alles," (all purpose kitchen maid) Klein believed that this immunocyte still had secrets to reveal. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) biology would prove to be one of these secrets. Analyses of the evolution of these receptors (Tolls and TLRs) have also helped us to rethink immune system phylogeny. In the first part of this chapter the history of the discovery of Toll and TLR biology is described. The evolution of the TLR genes and theories of immune function are covered in later sections. The remainder of this book presents work from nine groups active in the field. In the first chapter, "The Function of Toll-Like Receptors", Zlatko Dembic sets the stage by introducing us to many of the components of the immune system and their relationships vis a vis Toll receptors. Zlatko finishes his chapter with a discussion about current immune system models and contributes his own 'integrity model'. Work from the laboratory of Nicholas Gay follows this in "Structures and Motifs Involved in Toll Signaling".

B cells --- Macrophages --- Dendritic cells --- Natural immunity. --- Cellular immunity. --- Receptors. --- Cell-mediated immunity --- Cellular immunology --- Clonal selection theory --- Immune response --- Immunity --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Follicular dendritic cells --- Interdigitating cells --- Antigen presenting cells --- Lymphoid tissue --- Histiocytes --- Mononuclear phagocytes --- Connective tissue cells --- Killer cells --- Phagocytes --- Reticulo-endothelial system --- B lymphocytes --- Bone marrow derived cells --- Bursa equivalent cells --- Lymphocytes --- Cytology. --- Immunology. --- Cell Biology. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Cell biology.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The BLyS/BAFF family of cytokines and receptors has captured and held the attention of B cell biologists during the last decade. Discovery of the two ligands and three receptors comprising this family has yielded a watershed of insights; fostering fresh paradigms in our views about the differentiation, selection, and homeostatic control of virtually all B cell subsets. Moreover, because these processes are intimately tied to the mechanistic underpinnings of immune tolerance and activation, increased understanding of these activities promises translational progress in autoimmunity, neoplasia, and transplantation.

B cells -- Differentiation. --- B cells. --- Cell receptors. --- Ligands (Biochemistry). --- Ligands. --- B cells --- Ligands (Biochemistry) --- Cell receptors --- Membrane Proteins --- Antibody-Producing Cells --- Lymphocytes --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Laboratory Chemicals --- B-Lymphocytes --- Ligands --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Cell Differentiation --- Cells --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Leukocytes, Mononuclear --- Specialty Uses of Chemicals --- Immune System --- Proteins --- Leukocytes --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Hemic and Immune Systems --- Anatomy --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Blood Cells --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Blood --- Biology --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Differentiation --- Autoimmunity. --- Autoallergy --- B lymphocytes --- Bone marrow derived cells --- Bursa equivalent cells --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Microbiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Immunity --- Autoantibodies --- Antigen presenting cells --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Immunological memory has fascinated microbiologists and immunologists for decades as one of the new frontiers to conquer to better understand the response to pathogens, cancer and vaccination. Over the past decade, attention has turned to the intrinsic properties of the memory T cells themselves, as it has become clear that the eradication of both infected cells and tumors requires T cells. This book is an attempt to capture the wave of discoveries associated with these recent studies. Its chapters represent a wide collection of topics related to memory T cells by laboratories that have invested their skills and knowledge to understand the biology and the principles upon which memory T cells are generated, maintained and expanded upon re-encounter with antigen. Ultimately, these studies are all aimed at a better understanding of the function of memory T cells in protection against disease.

Immunologic memory. --- T cells. --- Immunologic memory --- T cells --- Lymphocytes --- Adaptive Immunity --- Immunity --- Leukocytes, Mononuclear --- Immune System Phenomena --- Leukocytes --- Phenomena and Processes --- Blood Cells --- Immune System --- Blood --- Cells --- Hemic and Immune Systems --- T-Lymphocytes --- Autoimmunity --- Immunologic Memory --- Immunity, Cellular --- Anatomy --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Biophysics --- T lymphocytes --- Thymus-dependent cells --- Thymus-dependent lymphocytes --- Thymus-derived cells --- Immune memory --- Immunological memory --- Memory, Immune --- Memory, Immunologic --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Molecular biology. --- Neurochemistry. --- Neurology. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Physiology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Diseases --- Health Workforce --- Neurology .