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This Special Issue “Applications of Stable Isotopes and Tritium in Hydrology” addresses the current state-of-the-art applications of stable isotopes and tritium in studies of hydrological process and the whole water cycle. The six scientific papers belonging to this SI show a wide variety of isotope applications in various studies performed locally or regionally, but the conclusions obtained may be valid worldwide. Precipitation, groundwater, and surface waters belong to classical water bodies, while evapotranspiration, effects of farming, and drip water in karst caves seldom present applications of water isotopes.
Hani Rice Terraces --- hydrogen and oxygen isotopes --- groundwater recharge --- elevation effect --- deuterium excess --- geostatistics --- isotope hydrometeorology --- oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes --- isoscape --- atmospheric moisture --- stable isotopes --- tritium activity --- spatial distribution of an approximate groundwater age --- karst aquifer system --- porous aquifer system --- Croatia --- drip water --- speleothem --- cave --- Plitvice Lakes --- karst --- precipitation --- groundwater --- surface water --- lake water --- tritium --- deuterium δ2H --- oxygen δ18O --- water stable isotopes --- ecohydrology --- evapotranspiration --- eddy covariance --- forest hydrology --- National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) --- n/a
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There are a total of 22 caves and karst wells with more than 25 specialized species resident (stygobionts and troglobionts). In this Special Issue, 14 of these sites are described in detail, along with the specialized fauna. An additional paper describes the richest known cave in China. A summary paper puts all 22 subterranean biodiversity sites in context.
α-diversity --- biogeography --- biospeleology --- cave biology --- caves --- hotspots --- invertebrates --- subterranean biodiversity --- Movile Cave --- Romania --- chemoautotrophically based --- groundwater ecosystem --- hotspot caves --- Ojo Guareña natural monument --- stygobionts --- troglobionts --- Križna jama --- troglobiont --- checklist --- lava tubes --- geology --- fauna --- paleontology --- conservation --- Canary Islands --- phreatic karst aquifer --- stygobite --- species richness --- temporal dynamics --- beta-diversity --- hotspot --- speleobiology --- Postojna-Planina Cave System --- Slovenia --- basaltic lava flow --- cave ecology --- arthropods --- tropical cave fauna --- Bayliss Cave --- Psilotum --- biodiversity --- seamount --- ecology --- cave --- Huanjiang --- Guangxi --- South China Karst --- troglomorphy --- karst --- stygobiont --- hotspot cave --- sampling biases --- Southeast Asia --- cave fauna --- troglobitics --- arachnids --- insects --- millipedes --- n/a --- groundwater --- arid zone --- mining --- Ojo Guareña natural monument --- Križna jama
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In many parts of the world, freshwater is a subject of frequent and intense large-scale disturbances. Pollution, water withdrawal, alteration of freshwater flows, road construction, aquifer mining, surface water diversion, desertification, wetland drainage, soil erosion in agriculture, deforestation, and dam building have led to some irreversible species losses and severe changes in community compositions of freshwater ecosystems. Pollution represents one of the most relevant impacts on freshwater environments, ranging from surface water bodies—such as springs, streams, rivers, lakes, and intermittent waterbodies—to groundwater and transitional habitats between surface waters and groundwaters. The origins and fates of pollutants are different and depend on various pollutants, including fertilizers with pesticides in agricultural areas, heavy metals, chlorinated organic compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are predominantly derived from industrial and urban settlements. Another pollutant is microplastics, which can increase in concentration in freshwater bodies and constitute emerging contaminants in freshwater systems when taken together with pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PCPs), and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). The broad distribution of several pollutants leads to significant changes of freshwater ecosystems, together with the extinction of the most sensitive species or the drastic lowering in abundances of others, thus altering community compositions and the ecosystem services provided by freshwater biodiversity.
multiple stressors --- pesticides --- freshwater ecology --- ecotoxicology --- synergism --- resource limitation --- population density --- groundwater --- karst aquifer --- pollution --- quarry --- Apuan Alps --- groundwater ecology --- stygofauna --- stygobite --- aquifer --- syncarida --- crustaceans --- copepods --- stygobiotic --- traits --- nitrate --- ammonium --- nitrite --- nitrogen --- contamination --- AQUALIFE software --- groundwater dependent ecosystems --- threats --- biodiversity --- abundance-size scaling theory --- benthos --- hyporheos --- freshwater communities --- pharmaceuticals --- large scale survey --- Biolog EcoPlatesTM --- flow cytometry --- microbial community --- metabolic fingerprint --- groundwater quality --- hydrogeochemistry --- Chironomidae --- Chironomus plumosus larvae --- mentum deformities --- freshwater contamination --- Lake Trasimeno --- platinum --- bioaccumulation --- passive sample --- freshwater clam --- Corbicula fluminalis africana --- diet --- Triturus carnifex --- mountain karst ponds --- microplastics --- heavy metals --- EOCs --- landfill --- marble slurry --- neonicotinoids --- software
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This book on the sustainable use of soils and water addressed a variety of issues related to the utopian desire for environmental sustainability and the deviations from this scene observed in the real world. Competing interests for land are frequently a factor in land degradation, especially where the adopted land uses do not conform with the land capability (the natural use of soil). The concerns of researchers about these matters are presented in the articles comprising this Special Issue book. Various approaches were used to assess the (im)balance between economic profit and environmental conservation in various regions, in addition to potential routes to bring landscapes back to a sustainable status being disclosed.
environmental and economic changes --- overexploitation --- stream flow downscaling --- Recharge --- Institutions --- evaluation --- geo hazards --- marginal land resources --- water resources --- contributions --- land use change --- comprehensive land carrying capacity --- land eco-security --- scale effects --- river basin --- Ghana --- urbanization --- groundwater recharge --- MicroLEIS DSS --- multiple stresses --- forest --- land use conflicts --- soil --- analytic hierarchy process --- heavy metal pollution assessment --- recharge --- environmental degradation --- spatial variation --- debris flow waste-shoal land --- Lankao county --- encounters of interests --- territorial development --- driving forces analysis --- land use policy --- climate conditions --- time series analysis --- arable soil --- urban area --- multi-criterion comprehensive evaluation --- Land Use --- agricultural and livestock products --- evapotranspiration --- hydrological processes --- Trnava district --- macromodel DNS/SWAT --- central Asia --- CA-Markov --- integrative landscape management --- Land use change --- land use and transformation --- weight --- Contemporary Yellow River Delta --- conjunctive water resources management --- set pair theory --- sustainability --- karst aquifer --- withdrawal of agricultural land --- sustainable development --- SWAT --- water resource management --- water footprint --- land-use planning --- Ecosystem service value --- Penman–Monteith equation --- cloud model --- groundwater flow field --- standard deviation --- temporal stability --- landscape as geosystem --- Gross Domestic Product --- geology --- territorial factors --- agriculture --- multi-dimension --- Groundwater --- conflicts --- Green GDP --- temporal-spatial variations --- relief --- recharge zones --- groundwater depth --- Nitrate Vulnerable Zones --- hydrologic modeling --- Managed Aquifer --- soil reclamation --- nitrogen --- discrete wavelet transform --- legislative factors --- developmental factors --- ungauged catchment --- rural households’ behaviors --- arid region --- land use/cover change --- spatialization --- sustainable agriculture
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