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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Airborne --- Andean highland --- Bacteria --- fish --- hydrothermal vent --- hot spring --- microorganisms --- Plants

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Oases of life around black smokers and hydrocarbon seeps in the deep-sea were among the most surprising scientific discoveries of the past three decades. These ecosystems are dominated by animals having symbiotic relationships with chemoautotrophic bacteria. Their study developed into an international, interdisciplinary venture where scientists develop new technologies to work in some of the most extreme places on Earth. This book highlights discoveries, developments, and advances made during the past 10 years, including remarkable cases of host-symbiont coevolution, worms living on frozen methane, and a fossil record providing insights into the dynamic history of these ecosystems since the Paleozoic.

Deep-sea animals. --- Deep-sea ecology. --- Hydrothermal vent animals. --- Marine microbial ecology. --- Hydrothermal vent animals --- Deep-sea ecology --- Marine microbial ecology --- Deep-sea animals --- Zoology --- Biology --- Animal Geography --- Biology - General --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Deep-sea biology. --- Hydrothermal vent ecology. --- Hydrothermal vents --- Evolution (Biology) --- Paleoecology. --- Microbiology. --- Palaeoecology --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Deep ocean biology --- Evolution --- Ecology --- Earth sciences. --- Geobiology. --- Life sciences. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Earth Sciences. --- Biogeosciences. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Paleobiology --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Marine microbiology --- Hot spring ecology --- Marine ecology --- Marine biology --- Aquatic biology. --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology --- Earth sciences --- Biosphere

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This book is the comprehensive volume of the TAIGA ("a great river" in Japanese) project. Supported by the Japanese government, the project examined the hypothesis that the subseafloor fluid advection system (subseafloor TAIGA) can be categorized into four types, TAIGAs of sulfur, hydrogen, carbon (methane), and iron, according to the most dominant reducing substance, and the chemolithoautotrophic bacteria/archaea that are inextricably associated with respective types of TAIGAs which are strongly affected by their geological background such as surrounding host rocks and tectonic settings. Sub-seafloor ecosystems are sustained by hydrothermal circulation or TAIGA that carry chemical energy to the chemosynthetic microbes living in an extreme environment. The results of the project have been summarized comprehensively in 50 chapters, and this book provides an overall introduction and relevant topics on the mid-ocean ridge system of the Indian Ocean and on the arc-backarc systems of the Southern Mariana Trough and Okinawa Trough. --Provided by publisher

Earth Sciences. --- Biogeosciences. --- Oceanography. --- Geochemistry. --- Geography. --- Life sciences. --- Géographie --- Sciences de la vie --- Géochimie --- Océanographie --- Hydrothermal vent ecology --- Biogeochemistry --- Biosphere --- Marine geophysics --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology - General --- Biosphere. --- Nature --- Effect of human beings on. --- Anthropogenic effects on nature --- Ecological footprint --- Earth sciences. --- Geobiology. --- Human beings --- Anthropogenic soils --- Human ecology --- Life (Biology) --- Planets --- Gaia hypothesis --- Geobiology --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Engineering. --- Applied psychology. --- Commercial law. --- Automotive Engineering. --- Robotics and Automation. --- Community and Environmental Psychology. --- Commercial Law. --- Business --- Business law --- Commerce --- Law, Commercial --- Mercantile law --- Law --- Law merchant --- Maritime law --- Applied psychology --- Psychagogy --- Psychology, Practical --- Social psychotechnics --- Psychology --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Law and legislation

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Viruses are microscopic agents that exist worldwide and are present in humans, animals, plants, and other living organisms in which they can cause devastating diseases. However, the advances of biotechnology and next-generation sequencing technologies have accelerated novel virus discovery, identification, sequencing, and manipulation, showing that they present unique characteristics that place them as valuable tools for a wide variety of biotechnological applications. Many applications of viruses have been used for agricultural purposes, namely concerning plant breeding and plant protection. Nevertheless, it is interesting to mention that plants have also many advantages to be used in vaccine production, such as the low cost and low risks they entail, showing once more the versatility of the use of viruses in biotechnology. Although it will obviously never be ignored that viruses are responsible for devastating diseases, it is clear that the more they are studied, the more possibilities they offer to us. They are now on the front line of the most revolutionizing techniques in several fields, providing advances that would not be possible without their existence. In this book there are presented studies that demonstrate the work developed using viruses in biotechnology. These studies were brought by experts that focus on the development and applications of many viruses in several fields, such as agriculture, the pharmaceutical industry, and medicine.

Bacteriophage --- Salmonella --- biocontrol --- comparative genomics --- phage diversity --- grapevine --- apple latent spherical virus vector --- virus-induced flowering --- reduced generation time --- breeding of grapevine --- virus elimination --- Newcastle disease virus --- reverse genetics --- vaccines --- infectious diseases --- cancer --- porcine epidemic diarrhea virus --- VLP --- chemokines --- pig --- vaccine --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- phages --- CRISPR --- viruses --- prevention --- diagnosis --- treatment --- adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector --- jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) --- LTR --- enhancer --- transduction --- viral vaccines --- cancers --- COVID-19 vaccines --- self-replicating RNA vectors --- DNA-based vaccines --- RNA-based vaccines --- plant virus --- viroid --- viral vector --- virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- genome editing --- carotenoid biosynthesis --- circular RNA --- infectious bursal disease virus --- immunization --- recombinant Lactococcus lactis --- variant strain --- baculovirus --- insect cells --- bacmid --- Tn7 --- genome stability --- protein expression --- chikungunya virus --- VLPs --- bioreactor --- CRISPR/Cas systems --- viral vectors --- gene editing --- plant genome engineering --- viral resistance --- adeno-associated virus --- AAV --- cancer gene therapy --- prophage --- hydrothermal vent --- Hypnocyclicus thermotrophus --- lytic cassette --- Escherichia coli --- heterologous expression --- codon optimization --- codon harmonization --- expression vectors --- aspect ratio --- VNPs --- TMV --- PVX --- CPMV --- geminivirus --- theranostics --- CRISPR-cas9 --- clodronate --- macrophage --- gene therapy --- gene expression --- nanotechnology