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Pectins are one of the classes of complex structural plant cell wall polysaccharides. They are localized in the middle lamella and primary cell wall of higher plants. Pectins have a long-standing use as gelling agents whereas their enzymatic degradation or modification plays an important role in the processing of agricultural crops and the manufacturing of foods and beverages. Progress in pectin and pectinase research has been most prominent in two areas over the past 5 years. The first one concerns the analysis and elucidation of the complex chemical structure of pectin and identification of

Pectin --- Polygalacturonase --- Pectin depolymerase --- Pectin hydrolase --- Pectinase --- Pectolase --- Glycosidases --- Polysaccharides

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Cellulase. --- Endo-1,4-beta-glucanase --- Glucanase, Endo-1,4-beta --- Glycosidases

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Amylases --- Enzymes --- Amylases. --- Enzymes. --- Biocatalysts --- Ferments --- Soluble ferments --- Diastase --- Ptyalin --- Catalysts --- Proteins --- Enzymology --- Digestive enzymes --- Glycosidases --- Amylolysis --- Animal Biochemistry

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Applied biocatalysis and biotransformation, that is, the use of enzymes and whole-cell systems in manufacturing processes for synthetic purposes, has been experiencing a clear boom in recent years, which has led to the start of the so-called “fourth wave”. In fact, the latest advances in bioinformatics, system biology, process intensification, and, in particular, enzyme-directed evolution (encouraged by the 2018 Nobel Prize awarded to F. Arnold), are widening the range of the efficacy of biocatalysts and accelerating the rate at which new enzymes are becoming available, even for activities not previously known. European scientists have been very actively involved in different aspects of this field. Nine contributions dealing with different aspects of applied biocatalysis developed by European researchers are gathered in this Special Issue

biocatalysis --- glycosidases --- isomerases --- Pichia pastoris --- sweeteners --- rare sugars --- cheese whey --- sustainable chemistry --- penicillin acylase --- aculeacin acylase --- N-acyl-homoserine lactone acylases --- quorum quenching --- biofouling --- estolides --- castor oil --- lipase --- candida antarctica lipase A --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- hydroxynitrile lyase --- oxynitrilase --- His-tag --- immobilization --- batch --- continuous flow --- Geobacillus thermocatenolatus --- lipases --- ethanolysis --- ionic liquids --- kinetic resolution --- mandelic acid --- Aspergillus --- fermentation --- filamentous fungi --- genetic engineering --- heterologous expression --- recombinant protein --- secretion --- transcriptional regulation --- n/a --- Halohydrin dehalogenases --- conformational dynamics --- active site tunnels --- molecular dynamics simulations --- omega-3 ethyl esters --- monkfish liver oil --- COSMO-RS --- fungal resting cells --- selectivity --- ketone body ester --- asymmetric synthesis --- configuration inversion

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From the beginning of this century, non-Saccharomyces yeasts have taken increased relevance in wine processing. Several biotechnological companies now produce non-Saccharomyces yeasts at an industrial level to improve aroma or flavor, stabilize wine, produce biological acidification, or conversely metabolize malic acid. Species like Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Kloeckera apiculata, Lachancea thermotolerans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and several others are common due to the technological applications they have in sensory quality but also in wine ageing and stabilization. Moreover, spoilage non-Saccharomyces yeasts like Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Saccharomycodes ludwigii, and Zygosacharomyces bailii are becoming important because of the alterations they are able to produce in high-quality wines. New strategies to control these defective yeasts have been developed to control them without affecting sensory quality. The knowledge of the physiology, ecology, biochemistry, and metabolomics of these yeasts can help to better use them in controlling traditional problems such as low fermentative power, excessive volatile acidity, low implantation under enological conditions, and sensibility to antimicrobial compounds like sulfites traditionally used in wine processing. This Special Issue intends to compile current research and revised information on non-Saccharomyces yeasts with enological applications to facilitate the use and the understanding of this biotechnological tool. In 1 year this SI has globally more than 15kdownloads and produced more than 30 citations.

n/a --- wine acidity --- pulcherrimin --- glycosidases --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- Saccharomycodes ludwigii --- sparkling wine --- processing foods --- non-Saccharomyces --- taxonomy --- Candida stellate --- wine quality --- Candida stellata --- non-Saccharomyces yeast --- Brettanomyces bruxellensis --- flavor complexity --- Schizosaccharomyces pombe --- Wickerhamomyces anomalus --- Stermerella bacillaris --- mixed cultures fermentation --- oenological uses --- winemaking --- re-fermentation --- Zygosaccharomyces rouxii --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- genetic improvement --- Zygotorulaspora florentina --- maloalcoholic fermentation --- high-ethanol --- mixed starters --- yeast --- wines --- non-Saccharomyces yeasts --- aroma compounds --- spoilage yeasts’ control --- metabolism --- acetate esters --- Pichia anomala --- wine --- sequential fermentations --- spoilage-control --- enzymes --- yeast dominance --- acidification --- ageing-on-lees --- Kluyveromyces thermotolerans --- co-fermentation --- biotechnological applications --- stable pigments --- ecology --- Pichia kudriavzevii --- Lachancea thermotolerans --- Metschnikowia pulcherrima --- biocontrol --- S. ludwigii --- Candida intermedia --- nitrogen --- yeast inoculation --- volatile acidity --- off-flavors --- malolactic bacteria --- wine safety --- genome --- Aureobasidium pullulans --- viticulture --- anthocyanin --- aroma --- antimicrobial peptides --- spoilage yeasts' control