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Chloroplasts are at the front line of many advancements in molecular biology, ranging from evolutionary biology to the mechanism of energy transduction, also including stress responses and programmed leaf death. In addition to the relevance of basic knowledge, advances are unveiling promising insights to improve plant productivity, disease resistance, and environmental control. The production of secondary metabolites and proteins by transformed chloroplasts adds further excitement to applied investigations on chloroplasts. The comparison of the sequences of the chloroplast DNA of different plants provides valuable information on gene content, reordering in the circular chloroplast DNA, and mutational genetic-derive, relevant to the evolution of the chloroplast. Increasing facilities for intense genome sequencing have prompted many laboratories to focus on the chloroplast DNA. Reflecting these efforts, more than half of the articles in this book deal with functional or evolutionary investigations based on sequence analyses of chloroplast DNA. Additional topics treated in the issue include post-transcriptional control, the processing of nuclear encoded preproteins of chloroplasts, the response of photosynthetic machinery to water deficit, turn-over of chloroplast proteins, mechanism of chloroplast division, and chloroplast movements.

photosynthesis --- endosymbiosis --- plants --- plastid DNA --- electron transport --- thylakoid --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- photosystems

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

organohalide respiration --- Microbial reductive dehalogenation --- Dehalococcoides --- electron transport chain --- reductive dehalogenase --- Community composition and function --- bioremediation

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Advances in semiconductor technology have made possible the fabrication of structures whose dimensions are much smaller than the mean free path of an electron. This book gives a thorough account of the theory of electronic transport in such mesoscopic systems. After an initial chapter covering fundamental concepts, the transmission function formalism is presented, and used to describe three key topics in mesoscopic physics: the quantum Hall effect; localisation; and double-barrier tunnelling. Other sections include a discussion of optical analogies to mesoscopic phenomena, and the book concludes with a description of the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism and its relation to the transmission formalism. Complete with problems and solutions, the book will be of great interest to graduate students of mesoscopic physics and nanoelectronic device engineering, as well as to established researchers in these fields.

Electron transport. --- Semiconductors. --- Green's functions. --- Mesoscopic phenomena (Physics) --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electrons --- Energy-band theory of solids --- Free electron theory of metals --- Transport theory --- Phenomena, Mesoscopic (Physics) --- Physics --- Functions, Green's --- Functions, Induction --- Functions, Source --- Green functions --- Induction functions --- Source functions --- Differential equations --- Potential theory (Mathematics) --- Materials --- Electron transport --- Semiconductors

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This book examines some of the charge carrier transport issues encountered in the field of modern semiconductor devices and novel materials. Theoretical approaches to the understanding and modeling of the relevant physical phenomena, seen in devices that have very small spatial dimensions and that operate under high electric field strength, are described in papers written by leading experts and pioneers in this field. In addition, the book examines the transport physics encountered in novel materials such as wide band gap semiconductors (GaN, SiC, etc.) as well as organic semiconductors. Topic

Semiconductors. --- Electron transport. --- Electrons --- Energy-band theory of solids --- Free electron theory of metals --- Transport theory --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Materials

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This book describes in details the theory of the electron transport in the materials and structures at the basis of modern micro- and nano-electronics. It leads and accompanies the reader, through a step-by-step derivation of all calculations, from the basic laws of classical and quantum physics up to the most modern theoretical techniques, such as nonequilibrium Green functions, to study transport properties of both semiconductor materials and modern low-dimensional and mesoscopic structures.

Electron transport. --- Semiconductors -- Mathematical models. --- Semiconductors --- Electron transport --- Physics --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Atomic Physics --- Electrical Engineering --- Semiconductors. --- Charge exchange. --- Electron transfer --- Exchange, Charge --- Transfer, Electron --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Physics. --- Condensed matter. --- Engineering. --- Nanotechnology. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Engineering, general. --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Charge transfer --- Collisions (Nuclear physics) --- Materials --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids