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Optofluidic devices are of high scientific and industrial interest in chemistry, biology, material science, pharmacy, and medicine. In recent years, they have experienced strong development because of impressive achievements in the synergistic combination of photonics and micro/nanofluidics. Sensing and/or lasing platforms showing unprecedented sensitivities in extremely small analyte volumes, and allowing real-time analysis within a lab-on-a-chip approach, have been developed. They are based on the interaction of fluids with evanescent waves induced at the surface of metallic or photonic structures, on the implementation of microcavities to induce optical resonances in the fluid medium, or on other interactions of the microfluidic systems with light. In this context, a large variety of optofluidic devices has emerged, covering topics such as cell manipulation, microfabrication, water purification, energy production, catalytic reactions, microparticle sorting, micro-imaging, or bio-sensing. Moreover, the integration of these optofluidic devices in larger electro-optic platforms represents a highly valuable improvement towards advanced applications, such as those based on surface plasmon resonances that are already on the market. In this Special Issue, we invited the scientific community working in this rapidly evolving field to publish recent research and/or review papers on these optofluidic devices and their applications.

opto-fluidics --- micro-manipulation --- cells --- microparticles --- electrowetting display --- aperture ratio --- driving waveform --- hysteresis characteristic --- ink distribution --- response speed --- optofluidics --- ocean monitoring --- colorimetric method --- optoelectrokinetics --- optically-induced dielectrophoresis --- micro/nanomaterials --- separation --- fabrication --- electro-fluidic display --- organic dye --- colored oil --- photo-stability --- micro-thermometry --- laser induced fluorescence --- droplet microfluidics --- zinc oxide --- rhodamine B --- rhodamine 6G --- photocatalysis --- microreactor --- photocatalytic water purification --- paper --- 3D hydrodynamic focusing --- optofluidic --- lab-on-a-chip --- biosensor --- microscale channel --- microfluidic --- liquid-core waveguide --- single layer --- reservoir effect --- sensor --- surface plasmon resonance --- nanohole array --- mechanical properties --- nanofluidic --- nanoplasmonic --- dissolved oxygen --- silver nanoprisms --- colorimetry --- n/a

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The progress in the area of nanotechnology has opened the door for the fabrication of soft, biological, and composite nanomaterials for targeted applications. Nanomaterials are known to enhance the properties and functionality of composite materials several fold. The properties for the desired applications can often be achieved by the addition of small amounts of nanomaterials into soft materials such as polymers, gels, and biomaterials. This book condenses investigations by scientific groups from highly diverse research fields, which will be beneficial for the wider scientific community.

oxygen nanobubbles --- phospholipids --- polyethylene glycol --- ultrasound imaging --- electrospinning --- nanocomposites --- porous TiO2 nanofiber --- light harvesting --- additive --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- graphene oxide --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- apoptosis --- oxidative stress --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- DNA damage --- chitosan --- polycaprolactone --- shape memory --- stretchability --- polyurethane --- biocomposite --- methotrexate --- cubic phase --- magnetocubosomes --- monoolein --- liquid crystalline phase --- drug delivery system --- alternating magnetic field --- laser ablation --- nanofibers --- poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) --- Au nanoparticles --- neutralization --- characterization of materials --- depth-sensing indentation --- adhesion --- the BG method --- non-destructive testing --- reagent-free colorimetric assay --- galactose determination --- nanoceria --- agarose gel --- galactosemia diagnosis --- nanodiamond --- composite --- 3D-printed scaffold --- n/a

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This book, a collection of 12 original contributions and 4 reviews, provides a selection of the most recent advances in the preparation, characterization, and applications of polymeric nanocomposites comprising nanoparticles. The concept of nanoparticle-reinforced polymers came about three decades ago, following the outstanding discovery of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. One of the main ideas behind this approach is to improve the matrix mechanical performance. The nanoparticles exhibit higher specific surface area, surface energy, and density compared to microparticles and, hence, lower nanofiller concentrations are needed to attain properties comparable to, or even better than, those obtained by conventional microfiller loadings, which facilitates processing and minimizes the increase in composite weight. The addition of nanoparticles into different polymer matrices opens up an important research area in the field of composite materials. Moreover, many different types of inorganic nanoparticles, such as quantum dots, metal oxides, and ceramic and metallic nanoparticles, have been incorporated into polymers for their application in a wide range of fields, ranging from medicine to photovoltaics, packaging, and structural applications.

graphene oxide --- n/a --- latex compounding method --- gold nanoparticles --- ratiometric temperature sensing --- catalysis --- conjugated polymer nanoparticles --- carrier transport --- polymer-NP interface --- nanocomposites --- polyethylene --- structure-property relationship --- chemical and physical interface --- SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite --- nanoparticles --- separation --- conductive polymer --- clays --- organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) --- nanocomposite --- molecular chain motion --- nanosheets --- morphology --- metal oxides --- hybrid hydrogels --- gas barrier properties --- nanomaterials --- in situ synthesis --- mechanical properties --- power cable insulation --- inorganic nanotubes --- surface modification of silica --- optoelectronic properties --- layered structures --- sol–gel --- nano-hybrids --- fluorescent assay --- N-isopropylacrylamide --- bismaleimide --- electrical property --- solar cell --- N-isopropylmethacrylamide --- SiO2 microspheres --- PFO/MEH-PPV hybrids --- power-conversion efficiency --- in-situ synthesis --- electrical breakdown --- active layer --- crystallization kinetics --- polypropylene nanocomposite --- electric energy storage --- silver ions --- composite membrane --- carbon nanoparticles --- graphene --- composites --- electrode --- reduced graphene oxide --- selective adsorption --- thermoresponsive hyperbranched polymer --- colorimetric sensor --- FRET --- polymers --- graphene-like WS2 --- polymer-matrix composites --- thermoplastic nanocomposite --- fluorescence resonance energy transfer --- PHBV --- melamine --- Ag nanoparticles --- adhesion --- chain topology --- interfacial layer --- silica/NR composite --- sol-gel

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Antioxidative polyphenols represented by tannins and flavonoids are rich in numerous food sources and traditional natural medicines and currently attracting increased attention in health care and food industries because of their multiple biological activities that are favorable to human health. Commemorating the outstanding achievements on tannins by Dr. Takuo Okuda on the occasion of his passing away in December 2016, his colleagues, friends, and worldwide experts of polyphenol research have contributed 18 papers on their recent study to the Special Issue of Molecules. This book is its reprinted form. This covers reviews of structural features, historical usages, and biological activities of unique class of ellagitannins and condensed tannins, and original articles on the most up-to-date findings on the anticancer effect of green tea catechins, the antivirus effect of tannins comparing with the clinically used drugs, the analytical method of ellagitannins using quantitative NMR, the chemical structures of Hydrangea-blue complex (pigment) and condensed tannins in Ephedra sinica and purple prairie clover, and the relationship of condensed tannins in legumes and grape-marc with methane production in the in vitro ruminant system, and others. This book will be useful to natural product chemists and also to researchers in pharmaceutical and/or food industry.

Coreopsis lanceolata L. --- UV-Vis --- methanogenesis --- Lythraceae --- flavanone --- grape marc --- TDDFT --- Ephedra sinica --- macrocyclic oligomer --- triple-negative breast cancer --- antioxidant --- purple prairie clover --- chalcone --- neuraminidase --- fatty acid synthase --- (?)-epigallocatechin gallate --- epidermal growth factor --- NMR spectroscopy --- Aluminum ion --- Onagraceae --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- synthetic analogues --- blue color development --- amyloid-? peptide --- FTIR --- oseltamivir carboxylate --- quantitative NMR --- phloroglucinolysis --- thin layer chromatography --- European historic leathers --- FASN inhibition --- ECD --- colorimetric tests --- taxanes --- cynandione A --- conservation method --- 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid --- ellagitannin --- PC12 --- condensed tannin --- Trapa taiwanensis Nakai --- 1H-NMR --- Acacia --- (?)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate --- Geranium thunbergii --- condensed tannins --- immunomodulatory effect --- Acacia mearnsii bark --- Escherichia coli --- oligomer --- Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction --- lung tumor --- Aspergillus fumigates --- in vitro batch fermentation --- metal complex --- Myrtaceae --- Cynanchum auriculatum --- molecular interactions --- phenolic glycoside --- bamboo leaf extract --- stability --- Microsporum canis --- Cynanchum wilfordii --- thiolysis --- anti-inflammation --- hydrolysable tannin --- geraniin --- NGF --- polyphenol --- revision --- ESI-mass --- bioactivity --- antifungal activities --- interferon-? --- antitumor effect --- tannin composition --- oenothein B --- zanamivir --- 2-O-?-laminaribiosyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone --- anticancer activity --- proanthocyanidin --- vegetable tanning --- Dittrichia viscosa --- differentiation --- aurone --- antioxidants --- protein precipitation --- apoptosis --- polyphenolic FASN inhibitors --- forage legume --- biological activities --- ultrahigh-resolution negative mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- overlay method --- spectroscopy --- wattle tannin --- immune checkpoint --- hormesis --- 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin --- gallotannin --- proanthocyanidins --- fatty acids --- flavonol --- inhibition --- structure --- Candida spp. --- Malassezia spp. --- ORAC assay --- neuroprotection --- crystal structure --- tannins

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To celebrate the publication of 20,000 articles in Applied Sciences, we launched this Special Issue “Celebrating Applied Sciences Reaching Its 20,000 Article Milestone: Feature Papers of the Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering Section”. We have invited well-known experts in different areas of interest covered in “Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering” to submit their original research papers and review articles of the highest quality in celebrating together with our readers on this special occasion. This Special Issue has collected more than 10 papers featuring important and recent developments or achievements in biosciences and bioengineering, with a special emphasis on recently discovered techniques or applications.

biothiols --- blood plasma --- gold nanoparticles --- colorimetric probes --- chaperone system --- Hsp60 --- gastritis --- gastric dysplasia --- gastric carcinogenesis --- intestinal metaplasia --- LAMP --- Salmonella --- ISO 16140:2016 --- food-borne --- validation --- specificity --- sensitivity --- accuracy --- kit --- elderberry --- Sambucus nigra L. --- juice concentrate --- storage effect --- phenolic compounds --- berries --- anthocyanins’ stability --- polymeric color --- ABTS•+ antioxidant capacity --- endothelial glycocalyx --- inflammatory response --- fluid loading --- surgery --- post-operative --- albumin extravasation --- serum HSP90 --- gamma-delta T cells --- acute lymphoblastic leukaemia --- halophyte --- sea purslane --- minerals --- antioxidant activity --- novel ingredient --- epilepsy --- systems biology --- protein–protein interactions --- CNS --- Gibbs homology --- drug targets --- anti-epileptic drugs --- periodontitis --- inflammation --- oils --- volatile --- heart disease risk factors --- asthma --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- COPD --- epithelial–mesenchymal trophic unit --- muco-microbiotic layer --- nanovesicles --- exosomes --- outer membrane vesicles --- microbiota --- spheroid --- organoid --- van der Waals force --- fluoropolymers --- adhesion --- microstamp --- extracellular vesicles --- liquid biopsy --- biomarkers --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- drug delivery --- halloysite --- nanoclay --- regenerative medicine --- tissue engineering --- wound healing --- stroke --- yoga --- balance disability --- depression --- levetiracetam --- critically ill patients --- population pharmacokinetic modeling --- simulated dosage schemes --- intensive care unit --- n/a --- anthocyanins' stability --- protein-protein interactions --- epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit