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Past research has comprehensively assessed the capabilities of satellite sensors operating at microwave frequencies, both active (SAR, scatterometers) and passive (radiometers), for the remote sensing of Earth’s surface. Besides brightness temperature and backscattering coefficient, microwave indices, defined as a combination of data collected at different frequencies and polarizations, revealed a good sensitivity to hydrological cycle parameters such as surface soil moisture, vegetation water content, and snow depth and its water equivalent. The differences between microwave backscattering and emission at more frequencies and polarizations have been well established in relation to these parameters, enabling operational retrieval algorithms based on microwave indices to be developed. This Special Issue aims at providing an overview of microwave signal capabilities in estimating the main land parameters of the hydrological cycle, e.g., soil moisture, vegetation water content, and snow water equivalent, on both local and global scales, with a particular focus on the applications of microwave indices.

time series analysis --- passive microwave soil moisture --- Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 --- Snow Depth and Snow Water Equivalent --- snow cover characteristics --- vegetation biomass --- roughness --- sea ice --- SMOS --- microwave radiometry --- soil moisture downscaling --- Vegetation Biomass --- vegetation index --- Terra MODIS --- Sentinel-1 --- Microwave Indices --- soil moisture content --- dual-frequency ratios --- SMAP --- passive microwave --- water-cloud model --- snow --- Sentinel-1 backscatter --- AMSR2 --- data fusion --- microwaves --- mountain region --- SAR --- start of season --- crops --- NDVI --- scatterometer --- Radarsat-2 --- polarization --- vegetation water content --- co-pol ratio --- active microwaves --- microwave indices --- harvest --- Microwave Radiometry --- soil moisture --- Soil Moisture Content --- snow correlation length --- radiometer --- radar --- soil scattering --- vegetation descriptor --- scale gap --- snow water equivalent

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Twelve edited original papers on the latest and state-of-art results of topics ranging from calibration, validation, and science to a wide range of applications using ALOS-2/PALSAR-2. We hope you will find them useful for your future research.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Environmental science, engineering & technology --- Sentinel-1 --- ALOS/PALSAR-2 --- land subsidence --- accuracy assessment --- Alexandria City --- Egypt --- local climate zone --- random forest --- feature importance --- land surface temperature --- grid cells --- Sentinel-2 --- PALSAR-2 --- ASTER --- soil moisture --- ALOS-2 --- GA-BP --- water cloud model --- L-band --- SAR --- backscattering --- soil moisture content --- LAI --- HH and HV polarization --- flood --- NoBADI --- Florida --- Hurricane Irma --- synthetic aperture radar --- polarimetric radar --- co-polarized phase difference --- radar scattering --- vegetation --- radar applications --- agriculture --- leaf area index --- leave-one-out cross-validation --- oil palm --- radar vegetation index --- vegetation descriptors --- ecosystem carbon cycle --- L-band SAR --- vegetation index --- random forest regression --- plantation --- permafrost --- InSAR --- Qinghai-Tibet Plateau --- ALOS --- thermal melting collapse --- Sentinel-1A --- SBAS-InSAR --- heavy forest area --- potential landslide identification --- SAR-based landslide detection --- Growing Split-Based Approach (GSBA) --- Hokkaido landslide --- Putanpunas landslide --- SAR polarimetry --- model-free 3-component decomposition for full polarimetric data (MF3CF) --- radar polarimetry --- calibration --- Faraday rotation

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This research topic aims at enterprise-wide modeling and optimization (EWMO) through the development and application of integrated modeling, simulation and optimization methodologies, and computer-aided tools for reliable and sustainable improvement opportunities within the entire manufacturing network (raw materials, production plants, distribution, retailers, and customers) and its components. This integrated approach incorporates information from the local primary control and supervisory modules into the scheduling/planning formulation. That makes it possible to dynamically react to incidents that occur in the network components at the appropriate decision-making level, requiring fewer resources, emitting less waste, and allowing for better responsiveness in changing market requirements and operational variations, reducing cost, waste, energy consumption and environmental impact, and increasing the benefits. More recently, the exploitation of new technology integration, such as through semantic models in formal knowledge models, allows for the capture and utilization of domain knowledge, human knowledge, and expert knowledge toward comprehensive intelligent management. Otherwise, the development of advanced technologies and tools, such as cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things, the Industrial Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Cloud Computing, Blockchain, etc., have captured the attention of manufacturing enterprises toward intelligent manufacturing systems.

manufacturing process --- additive manufacturing --- IoT --- computer systems and networks --- 3D printing --- digital twin --- Industry 4.0 --- pharmaceutical manufacturing --- biopharmaceutical manufacturing --- process modeling --- mixed-integer linear programming --- bin-packing problem --- material requirements planning --- agri-supply chain management --- variable production rate --- optimal resources --- imperfect production --- eco-efficient production --- closed-loop scheduling --- scheduling stability --- optimal control and scheduling --- fouling --- heat exchanger networks --- continuous manufacturing --- bioprocessing --- process systems engineering --- single-use technology --- AGV—Automated Guided Vehicles --- DES—Discrete Event Simulation --- FMS—Flexible Manufacturing Systems --- OEE—Overall Equipment Efficiency --- WCLcWorld Class Logistic --- abrasive water jet --- cutting --- surface quality --- quality prediction --- 3D simulation modeling and analysis --- model implementation --- bottleneck analysis --- production costs --- resource conservation --- smart manufacturing --- edge computing --- machine learning --- blockchain --- Industrial Internet of Things --- inventory management --- supply chain --- multi-echelon --- stochastic programming --- reinforcement learning --- digitalisation --- model-based --- computational engineering --- process simulation --- LNG terminal --- operational optimization --- BOG compressor --- MINLP --- enterprise process architecture --- new technologies integration --- process intelligence --- real-time monitoring --- fault detection --- predictive process adjustment --- vacuum gripper --- sensor data --- Tri-X Intelligence --- cyber-physical systems --- human-cyber systems --- intelligent systems --- intelligent manufacturing --- multi-parametric programming --- explicit MPC --- enterprise-wide optimisation --- set-point tracking --- algebraic geometry --- continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing --- model predictive control --- state estimation --- quality-by-control (QbC) --- glidant effects --- plant-model mismatch --- regional logistics --- low-carbon economy --- cloud model --- comprehensive evaluation --- Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region --- pharmaceutical manufacture --- uncertainty --- operational flexibility --- operational envelopes --- modeling --- n/a --- AGV-Automated Guided Vehicles --- DES-Discrete Event Simulation --- FMS-Flexible Manufacturing Systems --- OEE-Overall Equipment Efficiency

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Neutrosophy (1995) is a new branch of philosophy that studies triads of the form (, , ), where is an entity {i.e. element, concept, idea, theory, logical proposition, etc.}, is the opposite of , while is the neutral (or indeterminate) between them, i.e., neither nor .Based on neutrosophy, the neutrosophic triplets were founded, which have a similar form (x, neut(x), anti(x)), that satisfy several axioms, for each element x in a given set.This collective book presents original research papers by many neutrosophic researchers from around the world, that report on the state-of-the-art and recent advancements of neutrosophic triplets, neutrosophic duplets, neutrosophic multisets and their algebraic structures – that have been defined recently in 2016 but have gained interest from world researchers. Connections between classical algebraic structures and neutrosophic triplet / duplet / multiset structures are also studied. And numerous neutrosophic applications in various fields, such as: multi-criteria decision making, image segmentation, medical diagnosis, fault diagnosis, clustering data, neutrosophic probability, human resource management, strategic planning, forecasting model, multi-granulation, supplier selection problems, typhoon disaster evaluation, skin lesson detection, mining algorithm for big data analysis, etc.

similarity measure --- generalized partitioned Bonferroni mean operator --- normal distribution --- school administrator --- complex neutrosophic set --- expert set --- neutrosophic classification --- multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) --- multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques --- criterion functions --- matrix representation --- possibility degree --- quantum computation --- typhoon disaster evaluation --- NT-subgroup --- generalized neutrosophic ideal --- three-way decisions --- decision-making --- G-metric --- multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) --- SVM --- semi-neutrosophic triplets --- LA-semihypergroups --- power operator --- fuzzy graph --- neutrosophic cubic graphs --- LNGPBM operator --- neutrosophic c-means clustering --- (commutative) ideal --- region growing --- clustering algorithm --- Neutrosophic cubic sets --- forecasting --- vector similarity measure --- totally dependent-neutrosophic soft set --- Fenyves identities --- TODIM model --- similarity measures --- CI-algebra --- Dice measure --- de-neutrosophication methods --- DSmT --- semigroup --- VIKOR model --- multigranulation neutrosophic rough set (MNRS) --- simplified neutrosophic linguistic numbers --- Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) --- multi-criteria group decision making --- multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) --- exponential operational laws of interval neutrosophic numbers --- simplified neutrosophic weighted averaging operator --- neutro-epimorphism --- Choquet integral --- fixed point theory (FPT) --- computability --- neutrosophic triplet set --- interval-valued neutrosophic set --- simplified neutrosophic sets (SNSs) --- totally dependent-neutrosophic set --- Maclaurin symmetric mean --- recursive enumerability --- loop --- photovoltaic plan --- intersection --- neutrosophic bipolar fuzzy set --- big data --- inclusion relation --- dual aggregation operators --- Hamming distance --- neutro-automorphism --- neutrosophic set theory --- multiple attribute decision-making --- multicriteria decision-making --- pseudo primitive elements --- medical diagnosis --- neutrosophic G-metric --- bipolar fuzzy set --- NC power dual MM operator (NCPDMM) operator --- neutrosophic sets (NSs) --- emerging technology commercialization --- neutrosophic triplet groups --- probabilistic rough sets over two universes --- neutrosophic triplet set (NTS) --- neutrosophic triplet cosets --- MM operator --- TOPSIS --- cloud model --- extended ELECTRE III --- extended TOPSIS method --- 2ingle-valued neutrosophic set --- dual domains --- probabilistic single-valued (interval) neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set --- Jaccard measure --- data mining --- BE-algebra --- neutrosophic soft set --- aggregation operators --- image segmentation --- multiple attribute decision making (MADM) --- neutrosophic duplets --- fundamental neutro-homomorphism theorem --- neutro-homomorphism --- power aggregation operator --- linear and non-linear neutrosophic number --- multi-attribute decision making --- first neutro-isomorphism theorem --- MCGDM problems --- neutrosophic bipolar fuzzy weighted averaging operator --- Bonferroni mean --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- quasigroup --- action learning --- weak commutative neutrosophic triplet group --- generalized aggregation operators --- single valued neutrosophic multiset (SVNM) --- sustainable supplier selection problems (SSSPs) --- LNGWPBM operator --- skin cancer --- oracle computation --- n/a --- fault diagnosis --- interval valued neutrosophic support soft sets --- neutrosophic triplet normal subgroups --- soft set --- multi-criteria decision-making --- neutrosophic triplet --- generalized group --- neutrosophic multiset (NM) --- two universes --- algorithm --- multi-attribute decision making (MADM) --- PA operator --- BCI-algebra --- neutrosophic triplet group (NTG) --- single valued trapezoidal neutrosophic number --- quasi neutrosophic triplet loop --- neutrosophy --- complex neutrosophic graph --- S-semigroup of neutrosophic triplets --- and second neutro-isomorphism theorem --- MADM --- dermoscopy --- linguistic neutrosophic sets --- defuzzification --- construction project --- potential evaluation --- neutrosophic big data --- decision-making algorithms --- neutosophic extended triplet subgroups --- applications of neutrosophic cubic graphs --- fuzzy time series --- TFNNs VIKOR method --- two-factor fuzzy logical relationship --- oracle Turing machines --- grasp type --- interval neutrosophic sets --- multi-criteria group decision-making --- interval neutrosophic weighted exponential aggregation (INWEA) operator --- power aggregation operators --- neutrosophic triplet group --- MGNRS --- 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs) --- computation --- filter --- multi-valued neutrosophic set --- integrated weight --- Bol-Moufang --- prioritized operator --- interval number --- logic --- pseudo-BCI algebra --- interval neutrosophic set (INS) --- neutrosophic rough set --- soft sets --- Q-neutrosophic --- Linguistic neutrosophic sets --- fuzzy measure --- homomorphism theorem --- commutative generalized neutrosophic ideal --- neutrosophic association rule --- shopping mall --- dependent degree --- Q-linguistic neutrosophic variable set --- quasi neutrosophic loops --- symmetry --- neutrosophic sets --- neutrosophic logic --- neutrosophic cubic set --- complement --- robotic dexterous hands --- neutro-monomorphism --- group --- analytic network process --- Muirhead mean --- maximizing deviation --- classical group of neutrosophic triplets --- neutrosophic triplet quotient groups --- generalized neutrosophic set --- multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) --- support soft sets --- decision making --- generalized De Morgan algebra --- multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) --- single-valued neutrosophic multisets --- 2TLNNs TODIM method --- membership --- grasping configurations --- single valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) --- multiple attribute decision making problem --- SWOT analysis --- neutrosophic clustering --- hesitant fuzzy set --- interval neutrosophic numbers (INNs) --- quasi neutrosophic triplet group --- triangular fuzzy neutrosophic sets (TFNSs) --- interdependency of criteria --- aggregation operator --- cosine measure --- neutrosophic set --- neutrosophic computation --- decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) --- partial metric spaces (PMS) --- NCPMM operator --- clustering