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Limiting genome replication to once per cell cycle is vital for maintaining genome stability. Although polyploidization is of physiologically importance for several specialized cell types, inappropriate polyploidization is believed to promote aneuploidy and transformation. A growing body of evidence indicates that the surveillance mechanisms that prevent polyploidization are frequently perturbed in cancers. Progress in the past several years has unraveled some of the underlying principles that maintain genome stability. This book brings together leaders of the field to overview subjects relating to polyploidization and cancer.

Cancer --Genetic aspects. --- Polyploidy. --- Cancer --- Polyploidy --- Chromosome Aberrations --- Biology --- Ploidies --- Gene Expression Regulation --- Genomic Instability --- Diseases --- Pathologic Processes --- Genetic Phenomena --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Mutation --- Genetic Processes --- Phenomena and Processes --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Genetic Variation --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chromosomal Instability --- Neoplasms --- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic --- Genetics --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Oncology --- Genetic aspects --- Genetic aspects. --- Cancer genetics --- Medicine. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Chromosome numbers --- Cancer genes --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.

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Bioethics --- Chromosome Aberrations --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn --- Genetics, Medical --- Medische genetica. --- Health Sciences --- Genetics --- Medical genetics --- Human genetics --- Génétique médicale --- Génétique humaine --- Bioéthique --- Bioethics. --- Human genetics. --- Medical genetics. --- Chromosome Aberrations. --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn. --- Genetics, Medical. --- Biology --- Biomedical ethics --- Life sciences --- Life sciences ethics --- Science --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Genetic disorders --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Genetic Diseases --- Genetic Disorders --- Hereditary Disease --- Inborn Genetic Diseases --- Single-Gene Defects --- Hereditary Diseases --- Defect, Single-Gene --- Defects, Single-Gene --- Disease, Genetic --- Disease, Hereditary --- Disease, Inborn Genetic --- Diseases, Genetic --- Diseases, Hereditary --- Diseases, Inborn Genetic --- Disorder, Genetic --- Disorders, Genetic --- Genetic Disease --- Genetic Disease, Inborn --- Genetic Disorder --- Inborn Genetic Disease --- Single Gene Defects --- Single-Gene Defect --- Abnormalities, Autosome --- Abnormalities, Chromosomal --- Abnormalities, Chromosome --- Chromosomal Aberrations --- Chromosome Abnormalities --- Cytogenetic Abnormalities --- Autosome Abnormalities --- Cytogenetic Aberrations --- Aberration, Chromosomal --- Aberration, Chromosome --- Aberration, Cytogenetic --- Aberrations, Chromosomal --- Aberrations, Chromosome --- Aberrations, Cytogenetic --- Abnormalities, Cytogenetic --- Abnormality, Autosome --- Abnormality, Chromosomal --- Abnormality, Chromosome --- Abnormality, Cytogenetic --- Autosome Abnormality --- Chromosomal Aberration --- Chromosomal Abnormalities --- Chromosomal Abnormality --- Chromosome Aberration --- Chromosome Abnormality --- Cytogenetic Aberration --- Cytogenetic Abnormality --- Chromosomes --- Cytogenetics --- Cytogenetic Analysis --- Medical Genetics --- Anthropology, Physical --- Chromosome Disorders --- Sex Chromosome Disorders --- Molecular Medicine --- Biomedical Ethics --- Health Care Ethics --- Ethics, Biomedical --- Ethics, Health Care --- Ethics, Medical --- Ethicists --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Genetic aspects --- abnormalities --- genetica --- genetics --- geneeskunde --- medicine --- genetische stoornissen --- genetic disorders --- mens --- man --- humane ziekten --- human diseases --- Genetics (General) --- Medicine (General) --- Genetica (algemeen) --- Geneeskunde (algemeen) --- Chromosome abnormalities. --- Genetic disorders. --- Bioéthique. --- Aberrations chromosomiques. --- Maladies génétiques. --- Génétique médicale. --- Congenital diseases --- Disorders, Inherited --- Genetic diseases --- Hereditary diseases --- Inherited diseases --- Chromosomal aberrations --- Chromosome anomalies --- Karyotypes --- Mutation (Biology) --- Chromosome abnormalities

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Personalised medicine is the next step in healthcare, especially when applied to genetically diverse diseases such as cancers. Naturally, a host of methods need to evolve alongside this, in order to allow the practice and implementation of individual treatment regimens. One of the major tasks for the development of personalised treatment of cancer is the identification and validation of a comprehensive, robust, and reliable panel of biomarkers that guide the clinicians to provide the best treatment to patients. This is indeed important with regards to radiotherapy; not only do biomarkers allow for the assessment of treatability, tumour response, and the radiosensitivity of healthy tissue of the treated patient. Furthermore, biomarkers should allow for the evaluation of the risks of developing adverse late effects as a result of radiotherapy such as second cancers and non-cancer effects, for example cardiovascular injury and cataract formation. Knowledge of all of these factors would allow for the development of a tailored radiation therapy regime. This Special Issue of the Journal of Personalised Medicine covers the topic of Radiation Response Biomarkers in the context of individualised cancer treatments, and offers an insight into some of the further evolution of radiation response biomarkers, their usefulness in guiding clinicians, and their application in radiation therapy.

carbon-ion radiotherapy --- head-and-neck tumors --- squamous cell carcinoma --- radiosensitivity --- relative biological effectiveness --- lung cancer --- radiotherapy --- radiotherapy monitoring --- radiation-induced lung injury --- RILI --- pneumonitis --- radiation-induced lung fibrosis --- RILF --- circulating biomarkers --- microRNA --- micronuclei --- uterine cervical cancer --- cGAS --- STING --- abscopal effect --- immunotherapy --- PBMCS --- micronucleus assay --- biological dosimetry --- human blood --- genotoxicity tests --- ionizing radiation --- biomarkers --- dicentric assay --- gamma H2AX foci assay --- health surveillance analyses --- clonogenic assays --- methods --- plating --- cancer --- radiation --- head and neck cancer --- exosomes --- serum --- metabolomics --- GC/MS --- biodosimetry --- chromosome aberrations --- normal tissue toxicity --- predictive tests --- normal tissue --- biomarker --- protein --- immune infiltrate --- stroma --- tumour microenvironment --- proteomics --- telomeres --- chromosomal instability --- inversions --- prostate cancer --- IMRT --- machine learning --- individual radiosensitivity --- late effects --- personalized medicine --- liquid biopsy --- circulating tumour cells --- extracellular vesicles --- microRNAs --- immune system --- inflammation --- n/a

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In The Fragile X-Associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS), the editors present information on all aspects of FXTAS, including clinical features and current supportive management, radiological, psychological, and pathological findings, genotype-phenotype relationships, animal models and basic molecular mechanisms. Genetic counseling issues are also discussed. The book should serve as a resource for professionals in all fields regarding diagnosis, management, and counseling of patients with FXTAS and their families, as well as presenting the molecular basis for disease that may lead to the identification of new markers to predict disease risk and eventually lead to target treatments.

Chromosome abnormalities. --- Fragile X syndrome. --- Tremor -- Genetic aspects. --- Tremor -- Therapy. --- Tremor. --- Fragile X syndrome --- Tremor --- Chromosome abnormalities --- Fragile X Syndrome --- Chromosome Fragility --- Genetics --- Ataxia --- Chromosome Fragile Sites --- Sex Chromosome Disorders --- Chromosomal Instability --- Dyskinesias --- Mental Retardation, X-Linked --- DNA Sequence, Unstable --- Biology --- Chromosome Disorders --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Genome Components --- Genomic Instability --- Neurologic Manifestations --- Chromosome Aberrations --- Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System --- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked --- Mental Retardation --- Congenital Abnormalities --- Pathologic Processes --- Mutation --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Neurobehavioral Manifestations --- Genetic Phenomena --- Nervous System Diseases --- Signs and Symptoms --- Genome --- Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities --- Diseases --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Genetic Structures --- Genetic Variation --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Phenomena and Processes --- Pediatrics --- Pathology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Genetic aspects --- fra(X) syndrome --- Medicine. --- Human genetics. --- Molecular biology. --- Neurosciences. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Genetics. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Syndromes --- X-linked mental retardation --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Physicians --- Heredity, Human --- Physical anthropology --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology

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Animal cytogenetics --- Animal husbandry --- Animals [Domestic ] --- Animaux de basse-cour --- Animaux de ferme --- Animaux de la ferme --- Animaux domestiques --- Barnyard animals --- Beasts --- Cytogenetica --- Cytogenetics --- Cytogenetique --- Cytogénétique animale --- Dierlijke cytogenetica --- Domestic animals --- Farm animals --- Huisdieren --- boerderijdieren --- Cytology --- Genetics --- Animals, Domestic --- Cytogenetic Analysis --- Genetic Techniques --- Cytological Techniques --- Animal Population Groups --- Animals --- Investigative Techniques --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Biology --- Eukaryota --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Organisms --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Veterinary Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- Eucarya --- Eukarya --- Eukaryotes --- Eukaryotas --- Eukaryote --- Clinical Laboratory Diagnoses --- Clinical Laboratory Testings --- Clinical Laboratory Tests --- Diagnoses and Laboratory Examinations --- Diagnosis, Laboratory --- Laboratory Diagnosis --- Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses --- Laboratory Techniques, Clinical --- Clinical Laboratory Technique --- Clinical Laboratory Test --- Clinical Laboratory Testing --- Diagnose, Clinical Laboratory --- Laboratory Diagnoses --- Laboratory Technique, Clinical --- Laboratory Test, Clinical --- Laboratory Testing, Clinical --- Technique, Clinical Laboratory --- Test, Clinical Laboratory --- Testing, Clinical Laboratory --- Laboratories --- Medical Laboratory Science --- Clinical Laboratory Services --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Animalia --- Animal --- Metazoa --- Animal Population Group --- Population Group, Animal --- Population Groups, Animal --- Zoology --- Cytologic Technics --- Cytological Technic --- Cytological Technics --- Cytological Technique --- Technic, Cytological --- Technics, Cytological --- Technique, Cytological --- Techniques, Cytological --- Cytologic Technic --- Technic, Cytologic --- Technics, Cytologic --- Cell Biology --- Genetic Technic --- Genetic Technics --- Genetic Technique --- Technic, Genetic --- Technics, Genetic --- Technique, Genetic --- Techniques, Genetic --- Genetic Counseling --- Genetic Phenomena --- Genetic Structures --- Cytogenetic Technics --- Molecular Cytogenetic Technics --- Cytogenetic Techniques --- Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques --- Analyses, Cytogenetic --- Analysis, Cytogenetic --- Cytogenetic Analyses --- Cytogenetic Technic --- Cytogenetic Technic, Molecular --- Cytogenetic Technics, Molecular --- Cytogenetic Technique --- Cytogenetic Technique, Molecular --- Cytogenetic Techniques, Molecular --- Molecular Cytogenetic Technic --- Molecular Cytogenetic Technique --- Technic, Cytogenetic --- Technic, Molecular Cytogenetic --- Technics, Cytogenetic --- Technics, Molecular Cytogenetic --- Technique, Cytogenetic --- Technique, Molecular Cytogenetic --- Techniques, Cytogenetic --- Techniques, Molecular Cytogenetic --- Chromosome Aberrations --- Chromosome Mapping --- Karyometry --- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques --- Cytogenetic --- Chromosome Disorders --- Sex Chromosome Disorders --- Domestic Animals --- Domesticated Animals --- Farm Animals --- Animal, Domestic --- Animal, Domesticated --- Animal, Farm --- Animals, Domesticated --- Animals, Farm --- Domestic Animal --- Domesticated Animal --- Farm Animal --- methods