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This reprint covers different aspects of the West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne pathogen that belongs to the Flavivirus genus (family Flaviviridae). The virus is maintained in nature in a rural cycle between mosquito vectors, mainly Culex species, and avian hosts. Spillover from this cycle occasionally results in outbreaks in horses and humans. In severe cases, the infection can induce neurological signs, such as meningitis and encephalitis, and in some cases, it can lead to death. The virus has spread across the world in this century, including its expansion in the Americas since 1999, and an increase in the number of outbreaks and its severity has been observed in Europe in recent years. Considering all these aspects, an approach including public, animal and environmental health is the best option to increase the knowledge of this problem, making this disease an excellent example of a "One Health" issue. Bearing in mind this multidisciplinary aspect, the volume includes contributions related to the pathogenesis, vaccines, diagnosis and epidemiology of the virus both in humans and animals.

West Nile virus. --- Egypt 101 virus --- Kunjin virus --- Flaviviruses

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The flaviviruses are composed almost entirely of arthropod-borne viruses, a subset of which are responsible for millions of cases of human disease each year. Among these viruses are dengue virus—a scourge throughout the tropical regions of Asia and the Americas; yellow fever virus—the “original” hemorrhagic fever virus; and the recently emerged Zika virus. While the flaviviruses are related genetically, in their structure and in their replication processes, the dissimilarity of diseases caused by the flaviviruses is remarkable. In this Special Issue, primary research articles and reviews discuss topics ranging from broadly applicable questions of nuclear translocation of viral proteins to virus-specific envelope protein epitopes that may be associated with virus attenuation. Also included in this issue are articles discussing findings with less well known flaviviruses including pegivirus and Duck Tembusu virus. The latter provides a reminder that the flaviviruses not only impact humans, but other species as well.

Langat virus --- Viral pathogenesis --- West Nile virus --- virus replication --- Zika virus --- virus structure --- Arbovirus --- dengue --- Japanese encephalitis --- tick-borne encephalitis virus

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Arthropod-borne viruses affect billions of people around the world and comprise a significant proportion of emerging human pathogens. This Special Issue provides a global perspective on emerging arboviruses in endemic regions, as well as areas of introduction. Articles span entomological, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.

mosquito --- vector --- host --- bloodmeal --- arbovirus --- Borneo --- land cover and land use change --- Aedes --- dengue virus --- dengue --- zika --- chikungunya --- coronavirus --- co-endemic --- Rift Valley fever (RVF) --- arboviruses --- mosquito-borne viruses --- zoonoses --- One Health --- travel medicine --- livestock --- viral emergence --- emerging virus --- outbreak --- surveillance --- trap --- Culex --- Zika virus --- West Nile virus --- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus --- interagency --- response --- coordination --- vaccine --- alphaviruses emergence --- molecular epidemiology --- human infection --- spillover --- animal-human interface --- Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever --- tick-borne virus --- outbreak response --- tick --- risk reduction --- vertical dispersal --- high-rise residences --- Ixodes ricinus --- knowledge --- risk perception --- tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) --- occupational physicians --- Zika --- tropical disease --- epidemiology --- border health --- West Nile Virus --- mosquitos --- Flavivirus --- artropodes --- neuroinvasiveness --- emerging infectious diseases --- one health --- vector-borne diseases

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Throughout history, wildlife has been an important source of infectious diseases transmissible to humans. Today, zoonoses with a wildlife reservoir constitute a major public health problem, affecting all continents. The importance of such zoonoses is increasingly recognized, and the need for more attention in this area is being addressed. The total number of zoonoses is unknown, some 1,415 known human pathogens have been catalogued, and 62% are of zoonotic origin [1]. With time, more and more human pathogens are found to be of animal origin. Moreover, most emerging infectious diseases in humans are zoonoses. Wild animals seem to be involved in the epidemiology of most zoonoses and serve as major reservoirs for transmission of zoonotic agents to domestic animals and humans [2]. The concept of the ‘One Health’ approach involving collaboration between veterinary and medical scientists, policy makers, and public health officials, is necessary to foster joint cooperation and control of emerging zoonotic diseases [3]. Zoonotic diseases caused by a wide range of arthropods, bacteria, helminths, protozoans, and viruses can cause serious and even life-threatening clinical conditions in animals, with a number of them also affecting the human population due to their zoonotic potential. The aim of the current Special Issue is to cover recent and novel research trends in zoonotic diseases in wildlife, including the relevant topics related to wildlife, zoonosis, public health, emerging diseases, infectious diseases and parasitic diseases.

west nile virus --- arbovirus --- zoonotic --- macaque --- bats --- c-ELISA --- RT-PCR --- Anaplasma phagocytophilum --- zoonosis --- tick --- wild ungulates --- phylogenesis --- molecular epidemiology --- Coxiella burnetii --- Q fever --- serology --- epidemiology --- wildlife --- European bison --- micromammals --- Cryptosporidium --- Giardia --- Blastocystis --- Enterocytozoon bieneusi --- Balantioides coli --- Troglodytella --- non-human primates --- rats --- zoological garden --- one health --- Helicobacter spp. --- PCR --- Sus scrofa --- Meles meles --- badger --- tuberculosis --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex --- P22 ELISA --- isolation --- cattle --- Atlantic Spain --- filter card --- faeces --- transportation --- storage --- preservation --- Giardia duodenalis --- Cryptosporidium hominis --- seroprevalence --- ruminants --- humans --- dust --- aerosols --- Salmonella --- turtles --- wildlife rescue centres --- camera-traps --- interactions --- wildlife-livestock interface --- non-tuberculous mycobacteria --- Leptospira interrogans --- microscopic agglutination test --- Slovenia --- n/a

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Zika virus (ZIKV), one of the flavivirus family members transmitted by mosquitos, was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO in February 2016 because of clusters of newborn microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders in Brazil. Most ZIKV infections result in a self-limited flu-like febrile disease, however, if contracted during pregnancy, the virus can also infect fetuses and cause a spectrum of birth defects known as congenital Zika syndrome. To date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs are licensed for ZIKV, and the virus has spread and become endemic to many tropical and sub-tropical countries. Included in this book are thirteen reports addressing diverse aspects of ZIKV–host interactions. These studies range from basic science to clinical research. It is expected that findings from these studies will contribute to a better understanding of the host cells interacting with ZIKV, and may serve as the basis for new diagnostics, antiviral therapies, and vaccine design.

Zika virus --- peroxisomes --- innate immune response --- interferon --- astrocytes --- fetal brain --- zika virus --- flaviviruses --- T cells --- host-pathogen interactions --- flavivirus --- tight junctions --- claudins --- ZO-1 --- blood-placental barrier --- placenta --- apoptosis --- viral replication --- Bcl-2 protein family --- ZIKV --- virus host interactions --- pathogenesis --- MR766 --- guinea pig --- subcutaneous --- vaginal --- sexual transmission --- virus transmission --- envelope protein --- glycosylation --- fusion loop --- viral fusion --- cell entry --- NS5 protein --- nuclear localization --- inflammation --- innate immunity --- extracellular vesicles --- cellular communication --- C6/36 cells --- human monocytes --- endothelial vascular cells --- protein–protein interaction --- non-structural viral proteins --- network --- JAK/STAT --- cytokine --- West Nile virus --- HSP90 --- NS5 --- virus–host interactions --- anti-viral signaling --- immune response --- inflammatory mediator --- Sertoli cells --- Leydig cells --- ZIKA virus --- arboviruses --- infertility --- IFN --- RIG-I --- MDA5 --- IFNAR1 --- zika --- host --- cell death --- peroxisome --- mosquito --- tight junction