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Superoxide dismutase. --- Cerebrocuprein --- Erythrocuprein --- Hemocuprein --- Manganese enzymes --- Oxidoreductases
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive, devastating and fatal disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord and muscle atrophy. In spite of many years of research, the pathogenesis of ALS is still not well understood. ALS is a multifaceted genetic disease, in which genetic susceptibility to motor neuron death interacts with environmental factors and there is still no cure for this deleterious disease. At present, there is only one FDA approved drug, Riluzole which according to past studies only modestly slows the progression of the disease, and improves survival by up to three months. The suffering of the ALS patients, and their families is enormous and the economic burden is colossal. There is therefore a pressing need for new therapies. Different molecular pathways and pathological mechanisms have been implicated in ALS. According to past studies, altered calcium homeostasis, abnormal mitochondrial function, protein misfolding, axonal transport defects, excessive production of extracellular superoxide radicals, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, inflammatory events, and activation of oxidative stress pathways within the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum can act as major contributor that eventually leads to loss of connection between muscle and nerve ultimately resulting to ALS. However, the detailed molecular and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms and origin and temporal progression of the disease still remained elusive. Ongoing research and future advances will likely advance our improve understanding about various involved pathological mechanism ultimately leading to discoveries of new therapeutic cures. Importantly, clinical biomarkers of disease onset and progression are thus also urgently needed to support the development of the new therapeutic agents and novel preventive and curative strategies. Effective translation from pre-clinical to clinical studies will further require extensive knowledge regarding drug activity, bioavailability and efficacy in both the pre-clinical and clinical setting, and proof of biological activity in the target tissue. During the last decades, the development of new therapeutic molecules, advance neuroimaging tools, patient derived induced stem cells and new precision medicine approaches to study ALS has significantly improved our understanding of disease. In particular, new genetic tools, neuroimaging methods, cellular probes, biomarker study and molecular techniques that achieve high spatiotemporal resolution have revealed new details about the disease onset and its progression. In our effort to provide the interested reader, clinician and researchers a comprehensive summaries and new findings in this field of ALS research, hereby we have created this electronic book which comprises of twenty seven chapters having various reviews, perspective and original research articles. All these chapters and articles in this book not only summarize the cutting-edge techniques, approaches, cell and animal models to study ALS but also provide unprecedented coverage of the current developments and new hypothesis emerging in ALS research. Some examples are novel genetic and cell culture based models, mitochondria-mediated therapy, oxidative stress and ROS mechanism, development of stem cells and mechanism-based therapies as well as novel biomarkers for designing and testing effective therapeutic strategies that can benefit ALS patients who are at the earlier stages in the disease. I am extremely grateful to all the contributors to this book and want to thank them for their phenomenal efforts. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive, devastating and fatal disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord and muscle atrophy. In spite of many years of research, the pathogenesis of ALS is still not well understood. ALS is a multifaceted genetic disease, in which genetic susceptibility to motor neuron death interacts with environmental factors and there is still no cure for this deleterious disease. At present, there is only one FDA approved drug, Riluzole which according to past studies only modestly slows the progression of the disease, and improves survival by up to three months. The suffering of the ALS patients, and their families is enormous and the economic burden is colossal. There is therefore a pressing need for new therapies. Different molecular pathways and pathological mechanisms have been implicated in ALS. According to past studies, altered calcium homeostasis, abnormal mitochondrial function, protein misfolding, axonal transport defects, excessive production of extracellular superoxide radicals, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, inflammatory events, and activation of oxidative stress pathways within the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum can act as major contributor that eventually leads to loss of connection between muscle and nerve ultimately resulting to ALS. However, the detailed molecular and cellular pathophysiological mechanisms and origin and temporal progression of the disease still remained elusive. Ongoing research and future advances will likely advance our improve understanding about various involved pathological mechanism ultimately leading to discoveries of new therapeutic cures. Importantly, clinical biomarkers of disease onset and progression are thus also urgently needed to support the development of the new therapeutic agents and novel preventive and curative strategies. Effective translation from pre-clinical to clinical studies will further require extensive knowledge regarding drug activity, bioavailability and efficacy in both the pre-clinical and clinical setting, and proof of biological activity in the target tissue. During the last decades, the development of new therapeutic molecules, advance neuroimaging tools, patient derived induced stem cells and new precision medicine approaches to study ALS has significantly improved our understanding of disease. In particular, new genetic tools, neuroimaging methods, cellular probes, biomarker study and molecular techniques that achieve high spatiotemporal resolution have revealed new details about the disease onset and its progression. In our effort to provide the interested reader, clinician and researchers a comprehensive summaries and new findings in this field of ALS research, hereby we have created this electronic book which comprises of twenty seven chapters having various reviews, perspective and original research articles. All these chapters and articles in this book not only summarize the cutting-edge techniques, approaches, cell and animal models to study ALS but also provide unprecedented coverage of the current developments and new hypothesis emerging in ALS research. Some examples are novel genetic and cell culture based models, mitochondria-mediated therapy, oxidative stress and ROS mechanism, development of stem cells and mechanism-based therapies as well as novel biomarkers for designing and testing effective therapeutic strategies that can benefit ALS patients who are at the earlier stages in the disease. I am extremely grateful to all the contributors to this book and want to thank them for their phenomenal efforts.
Mitochondria --- neurodegenerative disease --- Ca2+ signaling --- multidrug therapy --- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) --- Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) --- Motor neuron disease (MND) --- excitotoxicity --- Riluzole --- multifactorial disease
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This Special Issue aims to provide new insights into the issue of the mercury contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This ubiquitous contaminant has been used by humans for many years, resulting in global contamination. When this toxic contaminant is converted to methylmercury, it accumulates in trophic chains, which is a major issue for wildlife and human health. The nine articles contained within this Special Issue on ‘‘Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination of Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems’’ endeavour to identify the historical evolution of Hg and MeHg levels in aquatic environments, and to evaluate the impact of current and historical human activities, such as mining, climate change, and soil erosion, on receptor ecosystems and food chains.
Cytotoxicity --- erythrocytes --- methylmercury --- malondialdehyde --- in vitro --- superoxide dismutase --- mercury --- PQMI --- Palawan --- abandoned mines --- mine wastes --- sediments --- mussel --- mussel watch --- Mytilus --- St. Lawrence --- sediment --- water --- SPM --- gold mining --- French Guiana --- monomethylmercury --- water–sediment interface --- diel and seasonal cycles --- photodegradation --- particulate mercury --- suspended particulate matter --- particulate organic carbon --- Amazon rainforest --- mammoth fauna mammals --- hair --- environmental changes --- paleoclimate --- Pleistocene --- Yakutia --- lakes --- wet deposition --- ecological restoration --- mercury mobility --- microbial activities --- biogeochemistry --- gold mining activities --- n/a --- water-sediment interface
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This Special Issue is a collection of research articles focused on the production and role of nitric oxide in plants. Nitric oxide is a crucial molecule used in the orchestration of cellular events in animals and plants. With a mixture of primary research papers and review articles written by some of the top researchers in the field, this work encompasses many aspects of this important and growing area of biochemistry.
catalase --- monodehydroascorbate reductase --- tyrosine nitration --- nitric oxide --- peroxisome --- reactive oxygen species --- S-nitrosation --- superoxide dismutase --- antioxidants --- hydrogen gas --- hydrogen peroxide --- hydrogen sulfide --- S-nitrosothiols --- S-nitrosoglutathione reductase --- S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione --- nitrate reductase --- NOFNiR --- nitrogen metabolism --- NIA1 --- NIA2 --- nitrite --- nitrate --- methyl viologen --- benzyl viologen --- NO analyzer --- molybdenum cofactor --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- nitro-fatty acids --- nitroalkenes --- nitroalkylation --- electrophile --- nucleophile --- signaling mechanism --- post-translational modification --- reactive lipid species --- nitro-lipid-protein adducts --- Trebouxia --- microalgae --- lipid peroxidation --- diaphorase activity --- lichens --- nitric oxide synthase --- nitrogen dioxide --- plant growth --- cell enlargement --- cell proliferation --- early flowering --- PsbO --- nitric oxide homeostasis --- cue1/nox1 --- reactive nitrogen species --- germination --- root development --- stress responses --- sugar metabolism --- nitration --- S-nitrosylation --- SNO-reductase --- thiol modification
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Although regular moderate-intensity exercise can activate important cell adaptive properties, sporadic and strenuous bouts of exercise may induce oxidative stress due to an augmented production of reactive metabolites of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen free radical species (RNS). Exercise-induced free radical formation may impair cell function by oxidatively modifying nucleic acids, where DNA damage and insufficient repair may lead to genomic instability. Likewise, lipid and protein damage are significant cellular events that can elicit potentially toxic perturbations in cellular homeostasis. This book focuses on aspects of exercise-induced oxidative stress while taking into consideration the basic mechanisms, consequences and function of ROS production, and whether antioxidants may either support or hinder these responses.
ApoE --- exercise --- antioxidants --- oxidative stress --- cognition --- motor --- vitamin E --- vitamin C --- aging --- Alzheimer’s disease --- lymphocytes --- mitochondrial transmembrane potential decline --- thiobarbituric acid reactive substance --- protein carbonyl --- skeletal muscle --- obesity --- fatigue --- diazoxide --- catalase --- superoxide dismutase --- oxidized glutathione --- reduced glutathione --- hemoglobin --- power output --- eccentric exercise --- redox status --- erythrocyte --- metabolism --- probiotics --- physical exercise --- male cyclists --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- antioxidative enzymes --- ultraendurance exercise --- muscle injury --- diet --- reactive oxygen species --- adipose tissue --- antioxidant supplement --- circadian rhythms --- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) --- exercise training --- antioxidant --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease
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This Special Issue is intended as a platform for interactive material science articles with an emphasis on the preparation, functionalization chemistry, and characterization of nanocarbon compounds, as well as all aspects of physical properties of functionalized, conjugated, or hybrid nanocarbon materials, and their associated applications. Some recent advances in the field are here collected, providing new ideas for discussion of researchers working in this multidisciplinary scenario.
graphene oxide --- thermal conductivity --- vacancy defect --- omeprazole --- liquid chromatography --- tandem mass spectrometry --- saliva --- GO-Tabs --- Tri[60]fullerenyl stereoisomers --- cis-cup-form of 3D-stereoisomers --- tris(diphenylaminofluorene) --- 3D-configurated nanostructures --- intramolecular energy transfer for singlet oxygen production --- intramolecular electron transfer for superoxide radical production --- graphene-based materials --- nanoporous graphene --- epitaxial graphene --- molecular modeling --- filled carbon nanotubes --- lithium-ion batteries --- hybrid nanomaterials --- anode material --- carbon nanotube yarns --- carbon nanotube --- functionalization --- electrical conductivity --- annealing --- acid treatment --- carbon fibers --- surface treatment --- grafting --- graphene aerogel --- carbon nanostructures --- carbon nanohybrids --- cancer therapy --- multi-drug resistance
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Bioelectric sensors are unique diagnostic principles and technologies. Although they share many traits with electrochemical sensors, especially regarding the common features of instrumentation, they are focused on the measurement of the electric properties of biorecognition elements as a reflection of cellular, biological, and biomolecular functions in a rapid, very sensitive, and often non-invasive manner. Bioelectric sensors offer a plethora of options in terms both of assay targets (molecules, cells, organs, and organisms) and methodological approaches (e.g., potentiometry, impedance spectrometry, and patch-clamp electrophysiology). Irrespective of the method of choice, “bioelectric profiling” is being rapidly established as a superior concept for a number of applications, including in vitro toxicity, signal transduction, real-time medical diagnostics, environmental risk assessment, and drug development. This Special Issue is the first that is exclusively dedicated to the advanced and emerging concepts and technologies of bioelectric sensors. Topics include, but are not restricted to, bioelectric sensors for single cell analysis, electrophysiological olfactory and volatile organic compounds sensors, impedimetric biosensors, microbial fuel cell biosensors, and implantable autonomous bioelectric micro- and nano-sensors.
organic optoelectronic device --- pulse meter --- biosensor --- Bluetooth low energy (BLE) --- photoplethysmogram (PPG) --- chronic wounds --- electrical stimulation --- direct microcurrent --- non-invasive --- pressure ulcer --- wireless technology --- biochips --- impedance spectroscopy --- electrical equivalent circuit --- biomaterial --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 --- anticancer therapeutic strategies --- apoptosis --- bioelectric --- 5-fluorouracil --- HeLa cell line --- superoxide --- cell immobilization --- 3D-printed well --- bioelectric profiling --- impedance analysis --- real-time measurements --- electrochemical biosensors --- SWCNT --- point-of-care diagnostics --- label-free biosensors --- ELISA --- carbon nanotubes --- bovine serum albumin --- pacemaker --- threat modeling --- internet of things (IoT) medical devices --- vulnerabilities --- n/a
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[Increasing evidence suggests that microbiota and especially the gut microbiota (the microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi) plays a key role in human physiology and pathology. Recent findings indicate how dysbiosis—an imbalance in the composition and organization of microbial populations—could severely impact the development of different medical conditions (from metabolic to mood disorders), providing new insights into the comprehension of diverse diseases, such as IBD, obesity, asthma, autism, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Given that microbial cells in the gut outnumber host cells, microbiota influences human physiology both functionally and structurally. Microbial metabolites bridge various—even distant—areas of the organism by way of the immune and hormone system. For instance, it is now clear that the mutual interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain (gut–brain axis), often involves gut microbiota, indicating that the crosstalk between the organism and its microbial residents represents a fundamental aspect of both the establishment and maintenance of healthy conditions. Moreover, it is crucial to recognize that beyond the intestinal tract, microbiota populates other host organs and tissues (e.g., skin and oral mucosa). We have edited this eBook with the aim of publishing manuscripts focusing on the impact of microbiota in the development of different diseases and their associated treatments.]
gastrointestinal diseases --- sterile inflammation --- n/a --- Staphylococcus spp. --- etiopathogenesis --- colitis --- Escherichia coli --- bacteriophages --- atopic dermatitis --- intravenous immunoglobulin G --- adaptive immunity --- 16S rRNA gene --- vaginal microbiota --- modularity --- innate immunity --- gut-liver axis --- disease activity --- immune system --- cytokines --- commensals --- Staphylococcus aureus --- dysbiosis --- fecal transplantation --- TLR mimicry --- etanercept --- dextran sulfate sodium --- CAR T-cell --- 3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyBenzaldehyde --- chemo free treatment --- Staphylococcus epidermis --- rheumatoid arthritis --- microbiome --- co-occurrence network --- immune epigenetics --- 2 --- autoimmunity --- superoxide dismutase --- precision medicine --- metabolism --- adoptive cell transfer (ACT) --- gut barrier --- antibiotics --- checkpoint inhibitors --- probiotics --- microbiota --- Candida albicans --- Enterococcus faecalis --- chronic liver diseases --- TCR --- anaerobic bacteria --- HSV2 --- bacteriocins --- methotrexate --- microbial interactions --- T cells --- virus --- mice --- lymphoid malignancies --- HPV --- macrophages --- anti-TNF-? --- inflammation --- chondroitin sulfate disaccharide --- immunotherapy --- genomics --- immuno-oncology --- diet --- aerobic bacteria --- immunological niche --- melanin --- health --- chemokines --- gut microbiota --- cutaneous immunity --- HIV --- TIL --- cancer --- global network
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are 19–24 nucleotides in length, following maturation. Recent evidence has demonstrated their key role as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression through the binding of specific sequences within target messenger RNA (mRNA). miRNAs are involved in the synthesis of a very large number of proteins, and it is speculated that they could regulate up to 30% of the human genome. They control virtually every cellular process and are essential for animal development, cell differentiation, and homeostasis. Altered miRNA expression has been linked to such pathological events as inflammatory, degenerative, or autoimmune processes and have been associated with several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatic and neurological disorders. Recently, miRNAs have been found in many different biological fluids, and this observation suggests the potential of miRNAs as new candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and responsiveness in the treatment of different pathological conditions. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic strategies that involve either restoring or repressing miRNAs expression and activity has attracted much attention. Significant progress has been made in the systems for delivery of miRNAs, even if substantial improvements in this area are still necessary. Although they have been extensively studied, a number of interesting questions regarding the physiological and pathological role of miRNAs have been postulated, and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic role remain yet unanswered. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radical-containing oxygen molecules derived from cellular oxidative metabolism, including enzyme activities and mitochondrial respiration, and play a pivotal role in many cellular functions. Whereas ROS are essential for normal cellular processes, their aberrant production, or failure of the capacity to scavenge excessive ROS, induces an altered redox status with excessive synthesis of free radicals, leading to an imbalance in the redox environment of the cell. The loss of normal ROS levels causes lipid, protein, and DNA damage, which contribute to the development of various pathologies including neurological disorders, rheumatic and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Increasing evidence highlights that there is crosstalk between miRNAs and components of redox signaling, even if this complex and the characteristics of mutual interaction need to be amply elucidated. Hence, both miRNAs and oxidative stress are involved in the multifactorial development and progression of acute and chronic diseases by influencing numerous signaling and metabolic pathways. The Special Issue entitled "Crosstalk between MicroRNA and Oxidative Stress in Physiology and Pathology" of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences includes original articles and reviews that provide new insights into the interaction between miRNAs and oxidative stress under normal and pathological conditions which can assist in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Finally, I would like to thank all the authors for their excellent contribution. I hope this Special Issue will provide readers with updated knowledge about the role of miRNAs and oxidative stress in physiology and pathology.
miR-27a-5p --- acute myocardial infarction --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- hypoxia --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- superoxide (SO) --- Thioredoxin Reductase 1 (TXNRD1) --- breast cancer --- nucleic acid medicine --- pancreatic cancer --- clinical trial --- siRNA --- antisense oligonucleotide --- MicroRNA --- signal transduction --- therapeutic target --- miRNAs --- ROS --- noncoding RNA --- microRNA --- long noncoding RNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- nitrosative stress. exosome --- cross-talk --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- visfatin --- resistin --- osteoarthritis --- synovial fibroblasts --- synovitis --- NF-κB --- thyroid hormone --- liver cancer --- metabolism --- physiology --- ASH --- NAFLD --- NASH --- HCC --- HCV --- HBV --- endometriosis --- high-grade serous ovarian cancer --- endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- chemoresistance --- antioxidants --- miRNA --- cancer --- diabetes --- beta cells --- microRNAs --- translation regulation --- neurodegeneration --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- Huntington’s disease --- ALS --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- therapeutic tolerance --- therapeutic resistance --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease --- Huntington's disease
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The first national conference with international participation, “Fundamental aspects of atherosclerosis: scientific research for improving the technologies of personalized medicine”, was held in Novosibirsk on 15 October, 2021. The purpose of this conference was to disseminate the latest basic and clinical findings in the fields of etiology, clinical characteristics, and modern diagnostics and treatments of atherosclerosis among various relevant specialists. The conference was intended for practicing cardiologists, primary care physicians, medical geneticists, and physician–scientists. The conference included plenary sessions, specialty sessions, satellite symposia, an open competition for young scientists.
metalloproteinases --- calcification --- atherosclerosis --- multiplex assay --- coronary heart disease --- aspirin --- resistance --- non-sensitivity --- antiplatelet --- light transmission aggregometry --- Plateletworks® --- familial hypercholesterolemia --- targeted sequencing technologies --- multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification --- LDLR --- APOB --- ABCG5 --- APOC3 --- LPL --- SREBF1 --- rare variants --- coronary atherosclerosis --- ischemic heart disease --- saturated fatty acids --- monounsaturated fatty acids --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- oxidative stress --- superoxide dismutase --- catalase --- glutathione peroxidase --- cumulative LDL-C level --- prognosis --- DNA methylation --- epigenetic age --- myocardial infarction --- acute coronary syndrome --- population --- nested case-control --- HAPIEE project --- HAPIEE study --- atrial fibrillation --- arterial hypertension --- obesity --- diabetes mellitus --- aging --- determinants --- prevalence --- Russian population cohort --- Cox regression analysis --- adiponectin --- leptin --- interleukin-6 --- epicardial adipose tissue --- perivascular adipose tissue --- circulating biochemical markers --- coronary atherosclerosis presence and severity --- integrated biomarker (i-BIO) --- validation --- visual markers --- lipoprotein(a) --- immune cells blood count --- n/a
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