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This book theorizes a mechanism underlying regime-change waves, the deliberate efforts of diffusion entrepreneurs to spread a particular regime and regime-change model across state borders. Why do only certain states and non-state actors emerge as such entrepreneurs? Why, how, and how effectively do they support regime change abroad? To answer these questions, the book studies the entrepreneurs behind the third wave of democratization, with a focus on the new eastern European democracies - members of the European Union. The study finds that it is not the strongest democracies nor the democracies trying to ensure their survival in a neighborhood of non-democracies that become the most active diffusion entrepreneurs. It is, instead, the countries where the organizers of the domestic democratic transitions build strong solidarity movements supporting the spread of democracy abroad that do. The book also draws parallels between their activism abroad and their experiences with democratization and democracy assistance at home.

Democratization --- New democracies --- Post-communism --- Countries, Newly democratic --- Democracies, New --- Democratic states, New --- Emerging democracies --- Nations, Newly democratic --- New democratic states --- Newly democratic states --- States, Newly democratic --- Democracy --- Newly independent states --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Political science --- Government policy --- European Union --- E.U. --- Europe, Eastern --- Politics and government --- Europe, Eastern. --- Government --- International.

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Despite dramatic increases in poverty, unemployment, and social inequalities, the Central and Eastern European transitions from communism to market democracy in the 1990s have been remarkably peaceful. This book proposes a new explanation for this unexpected political quiescence. It shows how reforming governments in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic have been able to prevent massive waves of strikes and protests by the strategic use of welfare state programs such as pensions and unemployment benefits. Divide and Pacify explains how social policies were used to prevent massive job losses with softening labor market policies, or to split up highly aggrieved groups of workers in precarious jobs by sending some of them onto unemployment benefits and many others onto early retirement and disability pensions. From a narrow economic viewpoint, these policies often appeared to be immensely costly or irresponsibly populist. Yet a more inclusive social-scientific perspective can shed new light on these seemingly irrational policies by pointing to deeper political motives and wider sociological consequences.

Patronage, Political --- New democracies --- Political patronage --- Spoils system --- Civil service reform --- Countries, Newly democratic --- Democracies, New --- Democratic states, New --- Emerging democracies --- Nations, Newly democratic --- New democratic states --- Newly democratic states --- States, Newly democratic --- Democracy --- Democratization --- Newly independent states --- Hungary --- Czech Republic --- Poland --- Europe, Central --- Central Europe --- Politics and government --- Social policy. --- Economic policy, Labor history, Patronage, Political economy, Protests, Sociology, Transition. --- Clientelism, Political --- Patron-client politics --- Political clientelism --- Political sociology

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The last quarter of a century has seen an unprecedented wave of democratization around the globe. In these transitions from authoritarian rule to a more democratic order the media have played a key role both by facilitating, but frequently also inhibiting democratic practices to take root. This book provides an accessible and systematic introduction to the media in transitional democracies. It analyses the problems that occur when transforming the media into independent institutions that are able to inform citizens and hold governments to account. The book covers the following topics: - The persistence of political interference - Media markets and political ownership - Defining journalism after regime changes - The role of the media in divided societies - The effectiveness of international media development programmes. The book takes a comparative view by exploring the interplay of political and media transitions in different pathways of democratization that took place in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. It will be of interest to advanced students and scholars who want a better understanding of the media outside established western democracies. The book will also be of great value to policymakers who are involved in strengthening the media in transitional democracies.

Political systems --- Mass communications --- Mass media --- New democracies. --- Médias --- Nouvelles démocraties --- Political aspects. --- Aspect politique --- New democracies --- Political aspects --- New democracies.Political aspects. --- #SBIB:309H1016 --- cultuurfilosofie --- mediatheorie --- media --- politiek --- nieuwe media --- internet --- pers --- journalistiek --- 130.2 --- Media: socio-culturele aspecten (massamedia en maatschappij, met inbegrip van cultuurhistorische werken en werken over de maatschappelijke en politieke effecten van de (diverse) media) --- Médias --- Nouvelles démocraties --- Countries, Newly democratic --- Democracies, New --- Democratic states, New --- Emerging democracies --- Nations, Newly democratic --- New democratic states --- Newly democratic states --- States, Newly democratic --- Democracy --- Democratization --- Newly independent states --- Communication in politics --- Mass media Political aspects --- Mass media - Political aspects

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From the 1980s through the first decade of the twenty-first century, the spread of democracy across the developing and post-Communist worlds transformed the global political landscape. What drove these changes and what determined whether the emerging democracies would stabilize or revert to authoritarian rule? Dictators and Democrats takes a comprehensive look at the transitions to and from democracy in recent decades. Deploying both statistical and qualitative analysis, Stephen Haggard and Robert Kaufman engage with theories of democratic change and advocate approaches that emphasize political and institutional factors. While inequality has been a prominent explanation for democratic transitions, the authors argue that its role has been limited, and elites as well as masses can drive regime change.Examining seventy-eight cases of democratic transition and twenty-five reversions since 1980, Haggard and Kaufman show how differences in authoritarian regimes and organizational capabilities shape popular protest and elite initiatives in transitions to democracy, and how institutional weaknesses cause some democracies to fail. The determinants of democracy lie in the strength of existing institutions and the public's capacity to engage in collective action. There are multiple routes to democracy, but those growing out of mass mobilization may provide more checks on incumbents than those emerging from intra-elite bargains.Moving beyond well-known beliefs regarding regime changes, Dictators and Democrats explores the conditions under which transitions to democracy are likely to arise.

Dictators --- Democracy --- Tyrants --- History. --- Heads of state --- Authoritarianism --- Democratization --- Democratization. --- New democracies. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political ideologies / Democracy. --- History --- Countries, Newly democratic --- Democracies, New --- Democratic states, New --- Emerging democracies --- Nations, Newly democratic --- New democratic states --- Newly democratic states --- States, Newly democratic --- Newly independent states --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Political science --- New democracies --- Authority --- Since 1965 --- Third Wave. --- authoritarian regimes. --- autocracy. --- backsliding. --- class structure. --- collective action. --- coup. --- coups. --- democracy. --- democratic transitions. --- democratization. --- distributive conflict theories. --- distributive conflict. --- distributive conflicts. --- domestic politics. --- economic aid. --- economic crisis. --- economic development. --- economic performance. --- elite-led transitions. --- elite-reaction reversions. --- elites. --- ethnonationalist organizations. --- inequality. --- institutional strength. --- institutional weakness. --- institutions. --- international factors. --- leverage. --- linkage. --- low-income countries. --- mass mobilization. --- middle-income countries. --- military intervention. --- political entrepreneurs. --- political parties. --- populist reversions. --- praetorianism. --- regime change. --- repression. --- reverters. --- social organizations. --- survivors. --- transition paths. --- transitional elections. --- unions. --- weak democracy.