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Interest in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is continuously increasing worldwide, especially with the increased use of renewable energy and the electrification of transports. This book contains the successful submissions of fifteen papers to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines”. The focus is on permanent magnet synchronous machines and the electrical systems they are connected to. The presented work represents a wide range of areas. Studies of control systems, both for permanent magnet synchronous machines and for brushless DC motors, are presented and experimentally verified. Design studies of generators for wind power, wave power and hydro power are presented. Finite element method simulations and analytical design methods are used. The presented studies represent several of the different research fields on permanent magnet machines and electric drives.

MPC --- predictive current control (PCC) --- fault diagnosis --- modeling --- back electromotive force --- finite-element analysis --- sensorless control --- brushless dc motor --- flying start --- periodic timer interrupt --- digital simulation --- torque control --- saturation --- renewable energy --- finite element method --- sensorless motor --- electric propulsion systems --- electric vehicle --- energy efficiency --- sub-fractional slot-concentrated winding --- stability --- design tools --- brushless machine --- permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) --- electrical signature analysis --- Vernier machine --- multiphase machine --- interior permanent magnet synchronous machines --- automotive applications --- pulse width modulation --- current ripples --- PMSM --- wave power --- outer rotor --- electric vehicle (EV) --- power control --- condition monitoring --- energy conversion --- sliding mode observer (SMO) --- field weakening --- small wind turbines --- interior permanent-magnet machines --- permanent-magnet machine --- free-wheeling period --- brushless DC (BLDC) motor --- speed tracking --- current spikes --- flux switching machine --- Brushless DC motors --- magnetic reluctance network --- winding inductance --- parameter perturbation --- DB-DTFC (deadbeat-direct torque and flux control) --- R-C filter --- phase-advanced method --- motor drives --- PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) --- coils --- predictive maintenance --- cogging torque --- finite element analysis --- permanent magnet material --- vector control --- linear generator --- commutation error compensation --- electrical machine design --- permanent magnet synchronous generator --- wind generator --- mathematical model --- permanent magnet synchronous motor --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) --- stator --- bulk electric system --- permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) --- synchronous generator

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This Special Issue deals with improvements in the energy efficiency of electric devices, machines, and drives, which are achieved through improvements in the design, modelling, control, and operation of the system. Properly sized and placed coils of a welding transformer can reduce the required iron core size and improve the efficiency of the welding system operation. New structures of the single-phase field excited flux switching machine improve its performance in terms of torque, while having higher back-EMF and unbalanced electromagnetic forces. A properly designed rotor notch reduces the torque ripple and cogging torque of interior permanent magnet motors for the drive platform of electric vehicles, resulting in lower vibrations and noise. In the field of modelling, the torque estimation of a Halbach array surface permanent magnet motor with a non-overlapping winding layout was improved by introducing an analytical two-dimensional subdomain model. A general method for determining the magnetically nonlinear two-axis dynamic models of rotary and linear synchronous reluctance machines and synchronous permanent magnet machines is introduced that considers the effects of slotting, mutual interaction between the slots and permanent magnets, saturation, cross saturation, and end effects. Advanced modern control solutions, such as neural network-based model reference adaptive control, fuzzy control, senseless control, torque/speed tracking control derived from the 3D non-holonomic integrator, including drift terms, maximum torque per ampere, and maximum efficiency characteristics, are applied to improve drive performance and overall system operation.

interior permanent magnet synchronous motor --- torque ripple --- cogging torque --- electric vehicle --- notch --- mathematical model --- Halbach Array --- surface permanent magnet --- magnetic vector potential --- torque --- in-wheel electric vehicle --- independent 4-wheel drive --- torque distribution --- fuzzy control --- traction control --- active yawrate control --- energy efficiency --- industry --- water circuits --- OpenModelica --- optimisation --- induction motor --- speed estimation --- model reference adaptive system --- kalman filter --- luenberger observer --- flux switching machine --- modular rotor --- non-overlap winding --- magnetic flux analysis --- iron losses --- copper loss --- stress analysis --- finite element method --- magnetic loss --- maximum efficiency (ME) characteristic --- maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) characteristic --- modeling --- permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) --- sensorless control --- synchronous machines --- dynamic models --- nonlinear magnetics --- parameter estimation --- DC-DC converter --- resistance spot welding --- transformer --- efficiency --- dynamic power loss --- design --- induction machines --- nonlinear control --- torque/speed control

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Power converters and electric machines represent essential components in all fields of electrical engineering. In fact, we are heading towards a future where energy will be more and more electrical: electrical vehicles, electrical motors, renewables, storage systems are now widespread. The ongoing energy transition poses new challenges for interfacing and integrating different power systems. The constraints of space, weight, reliability, performance, and autonomy for the electric system have increased the attention of scientific research in order to find more and more appropriate technological solutions. In this context, power converters and electric machines assume a key role in enabling higher performance of electrical power conversion. Consequently, the design and control of power converters and electric machines shall be developed accordingly to the requirements of the specific application, thus leading to more specialized solutions, with the aim of enhancing the reliability, fault tolerance, and flexibility of the next generation power systems.

power systems for renewable energy --- fault-tolerant photovoltaic inverter --- islanding detection --- energy storage system --- DC/AC converter --- voltage-source --- multilevel inverter --- PV systems --- neutral point clamped inverter --- flying capacitor inverter --- cascaded inverter --- renewable energy systems --- ultra-fast chargers --- input-series input-parallel output-series output-parallel multimodule converter --- cross feedback output current sharing --- reflex charging --- digital twin --- doubly-fed induction generator, electrical machines --- finite elements method --- monitoring --- real-time --- wound rotor induction machine --- subsynchronous control interaction --- super-twisting sliding mode --- variable-gain --- doubly fed induction generator --- photovoltaic system --- grid --- sliding mode control --- synergetic control --- fractional-order control --- converter–machine association --- direct drive machine --- Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine --- synchronous generator --- wind energy system for domestic applications --- renewable energy --- adaptive --- fuzzy --- feedback linearization --- photovoltaic (PV) grid inverter --- voltage source inverter (VSI) --- doubly-fed induction generator --- wind power system --- sensorless control --- full order observer --- field oriented control --- grid connected system --- lithium batteries --- los minimization --- Modular Multilevel Converters --- optimization methods

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It is difficult to imagine a modern society without rotating electric machines. Their use has been increasing not only in the traditional fields of application but also in more contemporary fields, including renewable energy conversion systems, electric aircraft, aerospace, electric vehicles, unmanned propulsion systems, robotics, etc. This has contributed to advances in the materials, design methodologies, modeling tools, and manufacturing processes of current electric machines, which are characterized by high compactness, low weight, high power density, high torque density, and high reliability. On the other hand, the growing use of electric machines and drives in more critical applications has pushed forward the research in the area of condition monitoring and fault tolerance, leading to the development of more reliable diagnostic techniques and more fault-tolerant machines. This book presents and disseminates the most recent advances related to the theory, design, modeling, application, control, and condition monitoring of all types of rotating electric machines.

core saturation --- cross-coupling inductance --- wound synchronous machines (WSM) --- signal injection --- position sensorless --- high-frequency model --- hybrid permanent magnet --- interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine --- magnet-axis-shifted --- reluctance torque --- Sensorless --- induction motors --- H_infinity --- drives --- vector control --- experimental implementation --- direct torque control --- duty cycle control --- harmonic currents --- six-phase induction motor --- torque ripple --- interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) --- sensorless control --- adaptive algorithm --- super-twisting sliding mode observer (STO) --- phase-locked loop (PLL) --- permanent-magnet vernier machine --- in-wheel direct-drive --- outer rotor --- overhang --- soft magnetic composite --- reaction sphere --- spherical motor --- structural design --- torque density optimization --- support vector machines --- finite element method --- induction motor --- smart-sensor --- stray flux --- time-frequency transforms --- wavelet entropy --- harmonic modeling method --- magnetic-geared machine --- hybrid electric vehicle --- magnetic field --- electromagnetic performance --- analytical modeling --- brushless DC motor --- commutation torque ripple --- back electromotive force --- multiphase machines --- fault-tolerance --- dual-channel --- brushless direct current motor with permanent magnet (BLDCM) --- switched reluctance motor (SRM) --- active flux --- stator flux observation --- super-twisting sliding-mode stator flux observer (STSMFO) --- deep-bar effect --- mathematical model --- estimation --- motor drives --- direct torque control (DTC) --- permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) --- maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) operation --- DTC with space-vector modulation (DTC-SVM) --- AFPMSM --- analytical algorithm --- vibration noise --- temperature field analysis --- SynRM --- irreversible demagnetization --- PMa-SynRM --- flux intensifying --- deadbeat current control --- PMSM servo motor drives --- auto tuning --- parameter identification --- periodic controller --- surface permanent magnet synchronous motor --- fault-tolerant system --- multi-channel --- quad-channel operation (QCO) --- triple-channel operation (TCO) --- dual-channel operation (DCO) --- single-channel operation (SCO) --- permanent magnet brushless direct current motor --- BLDCM --- double Fourier analysis --- current spectrum decomposition --- eddy current loss --- permanent magnet machine design --- cogging torque --- permanent magnet machine --- uneven magnets --- IPMSM --- uncertainty and disturbance estimator --- flux-weakening control --- double-cage induction motor --- improvement of motor reliability --- cage winding constructions --- direct start-up --- coupled electromagnetic-thermal model --- outer rotor inductor --- electric vehicle --- high-efficiency --- eco-friendly --- automation --- finite element analysis --- PMSM --- DOE --- optimization --- metamodeling --- adaptive robust control --- energy feedback --- particle swarm optimization --- torque optimal distribution method --- multiphase electric drives --- six-phase machines --- finite control set model predictive control --- predictive current control --- predictive torque control --- high frequency square-wave voltage --- interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) --- magnetic polarity detection --- rotor position estimation --- characteristics analysis --- fault detection --- stator fault --- rotor fault --- torque estimation --- finite control set mode predictive control --- duty cycle --- maximum torque per ampere --- permanent magnet synchronous motor --- acoustics --- boundary element method --- electric machines --- magneto-mechanics --- modeling --- noise --- vibro-acoustics --- efficiency --- line-start synchronous reluctance motor --- permanent magnet --- power factor --- multiphase --- induction --- motor --- space harmonics --- time harmonics --- injection --- high-speed permanent synchronous motor --- magnetic field characteristic --- iron loss --- stator structure --- online parameters estimation --- permanent magnet synchronous machines --- synchronous reluctance machines --- high frequency signal injection --- CMV --- modulation techniques --- PWM --- railway traction drives --- induction motor drives --- high-speed drives --- overmodulation and six-step operation --- electrical motors --- sot filling factor --- optimization algorithm --- windings --- magnetic wire --- filling factor optimization --- electric drive --- transmission shaft --- electric transmission line --- electrical and mechanical similarities --- kinematic structure --- equivalent circuit --- mathematical modelling --- failure --- detection --- diagnosis --- BLDC --- brushless --- systematic review --- rotor position --- BLDC motor --- sensor misalignment --- sizing methodology --- electrical machines --- thermal model --- electromagnetic model --- switched reluctance motor --- torque sharing functions --- firing angle modulation --- autonomous systems --- brushless synchronous generator --- electric power generation --- high speed generator --- high resistance connection --- fault-detection --- fault-tolerant control --- six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines --- field-oriented control

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In a modern technological society, electronic engineering and design innovations are both academic and practical engineering fields that involve systematic technological materialization through scientific principles and engineering designs. Engineers and designers must work together with a variety of other professionals in their quest to find systems solutions to complex problems. Rapid advances in science and technology have broadened the horizons of engineering while simultaneously creating a multitude of challenging problems in every aspect of modern life. Current research is interdisciplinary in nature, reflecting a combination of concepts and methods that often span several areas of mechanics, mathematics, electrical engineering, control engineering, and other scientific disciplines. In addition, the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Innovation and Invention 2019 (IEEE ICKII 2019) was held in Seoul, South Korea, on 12–15 July, 2019. This book, “Intelligent Electronic Devices”, includes 13 excellent papers form 260 papers presented in this conference about intelligent electronic devices. The main goals of this book were to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible and to provide new scientific knowledge relevant to the topics of electronics.

wearable robot --- electrical circuits and devices --- threshold voltage --- broadcast circuit --- dual-input converter --- built-in self-test --- n-channel lateral diffused MOSFET (nLDMOS) --- multi-robots --- current-voltage characteristics --- actuator --- electromagnetic interference --- sound recognition module --- brushless DC motor --- tabu search --- transmission-line pulse system (TLP system) --- skeletal feature representation --- communications and information processing --- 180-degree conduction --- mosquitoes --- regions with convolutional neural network (R-CNN) --- oscillator --- secondary freeform lens device (SFLD) --- low-dosed --- ZnO-based nanowires --- adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) --- galvanic isolation --- lateral diffusion MOS (LDMOS) --- non-uniform conduction --- photoluminescence properties --- Aedes albopictus --- test pattern generation --- stearic --- high-definition multimedia interface --- sensorless motor drive --- PCB layout --- leakage energy recycling --- latchup (LU) --- Aedes aegypti --- secondary breakdown current (It2) --- 6-DOF robot arm --- lower limb exoskeleton --- as low as diagnostically acceptable (ALADA) --- voltage-controlled oscillator --- Eu3+ and In3+ ions --- electromagnetic lock --- computer science and engineering --- holding voltage (Vh) --- low cost --- voltage clamping --- cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) --- selective anatomy analytic iteration reconstruction (SA2IR) --- action quality assessment --- diagnostic ability --- high voltage gain --- laser pointer --- sparse projections --- speed control --- multiple simple current mirror --- human activity analysis --- path programming --- negative differential resistance --- drift region --- electrostatic discharge (ESD) --- radiation resistance --- hydrothermal method