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This book covers a broad range of sea surface temperature studies from very different points of view and scales; the SST is observed from very local to regional and oceanic scales. The chapters of this book move from local and remote data sensing validation to local and regional trend analysis, and also give some insight into marine heatwaves and future climate scenarios.

sea surface temperature --- upper ocean heat content --- hurricane intensity --- Northeast Pacific --- Hawaii --- Hurricane Genevieve --- Hurricane Iselle --- Hurricane Julio --- satellite SST --- in situ --- coral reefs --- water temperature --- internal waves --- upwelling --- advection --- climate change --- coral bleaching --- air temperature --- Mann–Kendall test --- Split --- Hvar --- Komiža --- decadal and seasonal SST variation --- East China Shelf Seas --- CMIP5 --- WOA18 --- marine heatwaves --- Eastern Mediterranean Sea --- maximum intensity --- wind stress --- mean sea level pressure --- Red Sea --- marine heat wave --- duration --- frequency --- El Niño --- the NECC --- east of the dateline --- Pacific Ocean --- climate variability --- extreme events --- global climate models --- ecosystems --- n/a --- Mann-Kendall test --- Komiža --- El Niño

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Noise generated by aircraft continues to be a pressing issue for society, as an increasing number of people residing in close proximity to airports make noise complaints on a regular basis. The reduction in aircraft noise is therefore a very important engineering task that would require the careful identification of different acoustic sources around the airplane, the understanding of noise source behavior and ranking along flight trajectories, sophisticated measurement techniques, and robust and accurate numerical tools aimed at predicting the generation of noise, the propagation through the atmosphere, and the resulting noise impact along approach and departure flights. For an overall assessment of the situation, it has to be assessed along entire flight trajectories rather than assessing limited operating conditions only. Furthermore, it is highly recommended to apply multiple acoustic metrics and account for different and widespread observer locations along the flight. Only then can the overall situation be adequately captured. Obviously, this is a highly multidisciplinary effort and no single discipline can address this problem. This reprint includes selected research studies with that multidisciplinary context that deal with numerical or experimental investigations that range from the investigation of specific noise sources to the assessment of noise generated by the overall aircraft in operation. Both basic and applied research studies involving the modelling and simulation of aircraft noise are included.

aircraft noise simulation --- conceptual aircraft design --- noise certification --- ICAO Annex 16 --- PANAM --- RCE --- green aviation --- airport operations --- aircraft noise impact --- noise prediction method --- large eddy simulations --- jet noise --- jet–surface interaction --- aircraft noise --- simulation --- sonAIR --- FLULA2 --- AEDT --- validation with measurements --- low-noise aircraft design --- center of excellence --- Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation (SE2A) --- forward swept wing --- PrADO --- aircraft noise prediction --- supersonic transport aircraft --- NASA STCA --- FAA NPRM --- LTO noise --- SuperSonic Transport (SST) --- aircraft conceptual design --- aeroacoustics --- rotor-stator interaction noise --- porous material --- turbulence modeling --- synthetic turbulence --- CFD --- supersonic aircraft --- ICAO Annex 16 Vol.1 --- multiobjective optimisation --- community noise --- air quality --- sound quality --- noise abatement procedures --- spectral matching

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The inverse dynamics problem was developed in order to provide researchers with the state of the art in inverse problems for dynamic and vibrational systems. Contrasted with a forward problem, which solves for the system output in a straightforward manner, an inverse problem searches for the system input through a procedure contaminated with errors and uncertainties. An inverse problem, with a focus on structural dynamics, determines the changes made to the system and estimates the inputs, including forces and moments, to the system, utilizing measurements of structural vibration responses only. With its complex mathematical structure and need for more reliable input estimations, the inverse problem is still a fundamental subject of research among mathematicians and engineering scientists. This book contains 11 articles that touch upon various aspects of inverse dynamic problems.

regenerative shock absorbers --- energy harvesting --- active control of automobile suspension systems --- railroad tracks --- track modulus --- computer simulation --- artificial neural networks --- Fiber-reinforced Foamed Urethane (FFU) --- free vibration --- impact hammer excitation technique --- high-rate dynamics --- structural health monitoring --- time-frequency analysis --- synchrosqueezing transform (SST) --- jerk --- acceleration onset --- higher-order derivatives of acceleration --- jounce --- acceleration-dot --- sports surfacing --- sand surface --- dynamic behaviour --- impact tests --- accelerometry --- greyhound racing --- equine racing --- shake table control --- vibration testing --- system identification --- inverse dynamics --- feedback linearization --- servohydraulics --- inverse problems --- quantum graphs --- delta-prime vertex conditions --- Bayesian inference --- uncertainty quantification --- dynamical systems --- inverse problem --- machine learning --- Gaussian process --- polynomial chaos --- impact force identification --- tower structure --- impact localization --- force history --- inverse algorithm --- rotor dynamic --- bearing --- centrifugal pump --- impeller diameter --- Lagrangian equations --- n/a

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Today, there is a great deal of attention focused on sustainable growth worldwide. The increase in efficiency in the use of energy may even, in this historical moment, bring greater benefit than the use of renewable energies. Electricity appears to be the most sustainable of energies and the most promising hope for a planet capable of growing without compromising its own health and that of its inhabitants. Power electronics and electrical drives are the key technologies that will allow energy savings through the reduction of energy losses in many applications. This Special Issue has collected several scientific contributions related to energy efficiency in electrical equipment. Some articles are dedicated to the use and optimization of permanent magnet motors, which allow obtaining the highest level of efficiency. Most of the contributions describe the energy improvements that can be achieved with power electronics and the use of suitable control techniques. Last but not least, some articles describe interesting solutions for hybrid vehicles, which were created mainly to save energy in the smartest way possible.

LLC resonant converter --- resonant transformer --- fringing effect --- adjustable magnetizing inductance --- efficiency --- optimal design --- oil pump --- brushless DC --- motor --- robust --- vehicles --- eddy current coupling --- hybrid excited --- magnetic equivalent circuit --- magnetic field analysis --- torque-slip characteristic --- switched inductor capacitor converter --- a power converter --- energy transfer media --- ripple voltage --- conduction loss --- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) --- series architecture --- supercapacitor --- Energy Management System (EMS) --- storage sizing --- energy efficiency --- backlight --- DC-DC converter --- passive snubber --- voltage stress --- maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) --- torque control --- per unit --- IPMSM --- SiC devices --- Si devices --- three level NPC inverter --- three level T-NPC inverter --- two level SiC MOSFET inverter --- overvoltages --- heat sink volume --- motor emulator --- power loss --- current tracking --- finite set model predictive control --- medium frequency transformer --- power electronic transformer --- Solid State Transformer (SST) --- railway electric traction --- Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) --- soft-switching --- DC–DC converter --- multi-input converter --- battery --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), efficiency --- permanent magnet motor --- synchronous motor --- brushless drive --- industrial application --- turbocompound --- turbocharger --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) --- fuel economy

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Rapid urbanization and industrialization have progressively caused severe impacts on the mountainous, river, coastal environments, and have increased the risks for people living in these areas. Human activities have changed the ecosystems, and, hence, it is important to determine ways to predict these consequences to enable the preservation and restoration of these key areas. Furthermore, extreme events attributed to climate change are becoming more frequent, aggravating the entire scenario and introducing ulterior uncertainties for the accurate and efficient management of these areas to protect the environment, as well as the health and safety of people. Climate change is altering the rain and extreme heat, as well as inducing other weather mutations. All these lead to more frequent natural disasters such as flood events, erosions, and contamination and spreading of pollutants. Therefore, efforts need to be devoted to investigating the underlying causes, and to identifying feasible mitigation and adaptation strategies to reduce the negative impacts on both the environment and citizens. In support of this aim, the selected papers in this book covered a wide range of issues that are mainly relevant to the following: i) the numerical and experimental characterization of complex flow conditions under specific circumstances induced by the natural hazards; ii) the effect of climate change on the hydrological processes in the mountainous, river and coastal environments, iii) the protection of ecosystems and the restoration of areas damaged by the effects of the climate change and human activities.

check dam --- hydrologic response --- sediment transport --- InHM --- Loess Plateau --- stratification effect --- inertia effect --- secondary flow --- meandering --- sediment laden flows --- pier scour --- non-uniform sediment --- armor layer --- equilibrium scour depth processes --- clear water scour condition --- suffusion --- internal stability --- grain size distribution (GSD) --- ecological operation --- multi-scale --- decomposition-coordination --- hydrologic alterations --- embankments --- overtopping failure --- material point method --- water–soil interactions --- numerical simulation --- SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) --- water-related natural hazards --- sediment scouring --- dense granular flow --- fast landslide --- surge wave --- flooding on complex topography --- HPC (High Performance Computing) --- FOSS (Free Open Source Software) --- climate change --- water levels --- causes and implications --- Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau --- rainfall patterns --- rainfall-runoff --- soil erosion --- slope length --- slope gradient --- non-homogeneous debris flow --- viscous coefficients --- intermittent debris flows --- energy conversion --- focusing waves --- wave amplitude spectra --- space-time parameter --- experimental investigations --- InVEST model --- wetland --- ecosystem service assessment --- value analysis --- schistosomiasis prevention --- ISPH --- liquid sloshing --- water jet flow --- impact pressure --- excitation frequency --- Navier-Stokes equation --- SST k-ω turbulence model --- vortex-induced vibration (VIV) --- Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method --- finite element method (FEM) --- rock–soil contact area --- fissure flow --- karst rocky desertification --- runoff --- rainfall simulation --- Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) --- porous media --- mathematical model --- coastal structure --- ocean and engineering --- turbulence --- emergent vegetation --- flexible vegetation --- rigid vegetation --- coherent structures --- shear layer --- elastic actuator line model --- OpenFOAM --- NREL 5 MW wind turbine --- aeroelastic performance --- check dam system --- sedimentary land --- flood control --- dam break --- SWE --- SPH --- openMP --- numerical modelling --- computational time --- experimental modelling --- scouring --- smoothed-particle hydrodynamics --- flooding --- dam-break --- debris flows --- urban evolution --- natural hazard