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As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue entitled ""Science, Characterization, and Technology of Joining and Welding"" of Metals, I am pleased to have this book published by MDPI. Joining, including welding, soldering, brazing, and assembly, is an essential requirement in manufacturing processes and is classified as a secondary manufacturing process. This Special Issue of Metals includes technical and review papers on, but not limited to, different aspects of joining and welding, including welding technologies (i.e., fusion-based welding and solid-state welding), characterization, metallurgy and materials science, quality control, and design and numerical simulation. This Special Issue also includes the joining of different materials, including metal and non-metals (polymers and composites), including 17 peer-reviewed papers from several researchers all around the globe (China, Germany, Brazil, South Koria, Slovakia, USA, Taiwan, Canada, and India). As of this date (April 2020), the papers in this Special Issue have been cited 47 times by other researchers, which I think is an eminent number and shows the high quality of the published papers in this Issue. This Special Issue includes a large diversity of various subjects in the field of joining: laser welding, friction stir welding, diffusion bonding, multipass welding, rotary friction-welding, friction bit joining, adhesive bonding, weldbonding, simulation and experimentation, metal/FRP joints, welding simulation, plasma–TIG coupled arc welding, liquation cracking, soldering, resin bonding, microstructural characteristics, brazing, and friction stir butt and scarf welding. I would like to sincerely thank all the researchers who contributed to this Special Issue for their high-quality research. I also would like to acknowledge Mr. Toliver Guo, Senior Assistant Editor at MDPI, who continuously and tirelessly contributed toward this Special Issue by assisting me with inviting the authors and the follow ups. I think this Special Issue will enhance our knowledge and understanding in the field of joining and assembly. I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, Mehrnoosh, for her continued support and encouragement.

microstructure --- phased array ultrasonic --- thermophysical property --- FRP --- simulation --- eutectoid --- tint etching --- TAN alloy --- dissimilar material joining --- thermal compression bonding --- HAZ cracking --- welding thermal cycles --- IN738 superalloy --- carbide dissolution --- solder --- friction bit joining --- weld bonding --- interfacial microstructure --- adhesive thermos-mechanical property --- API 5L X80 steel --- scarf joint --- thermal spraying --- pores --- Cr-Mo steel --- welding --- hot pressing --- local brittle zone --- electrical properties --- Ti2AlNb alloy --- tool pin profiles --- adhesive bonding --- mechanical properties --- carbon fiber-reinforced polymer --- surface structuring --- m23c6 --- Zn-coated low carbon microalloyed steels --- flux-less soldering --- dissimilar joints --- energy-input --- medium thick plate model --- design of experiments --- oxide layer --- mechanical interlocking --- rotary friction-welding --- 22MnB5 --- ultrasonic bonding --- titanium --- anisotropy --- coupled arc --- heat-affected zone --- aluminum --- plasma-TIG --- joint mechanical properties --- hybrid joining --- microconstituent --- dual-phase steel --- high-crystalline content zirconia --- flex-on-board assembly --- active monomers --- butt joint --- copper --- clad filler foil --- SA213-T23 --- arc profile --- numerical simulation --- tailor welded blanks --- ceramics --- vacuum brazing --- coating --- longitudinal wave --- direct diffusion bonding --- metallurgy --- pressure distribution --- flow stress --- SnBi58 solder joint morphology --- adhesion --- dissimilar weldments --- laser welding --- distributed point heat sources model --- mechanical strength --- taguchi design --- bonding strength --- friction stir welding

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This book focuses on new sensing technologies, measurement techniques, and their applications in medicine and healthcare. Specifically, the book briefly describes the potential of smart sensors in the aforementioned applications, collecting 24 articles selected and published in the Special Issue “Smart Sensors for Healthcare and Medical Applications”. We proposed this topic, being aware of the pivotal role that smart sensors can play in the improvement of healthcare services in both acute and chronic conditions as well as in prevention for a healthy life and active aging. The articles selected in this book cover a variety of topics related to the design, validation, and application of smart sensors to healthcare.

radiation-induced current --- dosimetry --- photodiodes --- phototransistors (MOSFETs) --- photovoltaic sensor --- CCD/CMOS --- cancer nodules detection --- phantom --- stiffness analysis --- ultrasound analysis --- visual analysis --- automatic robotic platform --- remote support for pathologists --- gait analysis --- gait correction --- electrostatic gait signal --- improved Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis cross-correlation coefficient --- measuring system --- measurements --- contactless --- respiratory rate --- breathing pattern --- ECG electrode swaps --- ECG electrode potentials --- WCT potential change --- reconstructing correct ECG leads --- MSMinv transformation --- unicolor limb–chest electrodes --- torsional wave --- cervix --- pregnancy --- cervical stiffness --- fiber Bragg gratings --- smart textiles --- wearable systems --- cardiac monitoring --- respiratory monitoring --- precision sports --- archery --- body pressure distribution --- air-filled cell --- alternating pressure air mattress --- time of flight --- air flow --- active control system --- mobile EEG recordings --- montage-replaceable headsets --- BCI --- fiber Bragg grating --- plastic optical fiber --- non-invasive measurement --- pulse wave signals --- blood pressure --- partial least squares regression --- people counting --- bi-directional --- motion detection --- time of flight sensor --- force myography --- prosthetic fitting --- regression --- calibration --- error reduction --- linear regression --- random forest --- general regression neural network --- cross-talk --- force sensitive resistor --- MRI --- EMG --- graph theory --- electrical network --- muscle activity --- forearm --- COPD --- oxygen concentrator --- oxygen therapy --- automatic oxygen concentrator --- physical activity --- machine learning --- respiratory medicine --- portable oxygen concentrator --- oxygen delivery --- cerebral palsy --- game-based rehabilitation exercises --- computerized assessment methods --- motion tracking sensors --- Kinect sensor --- EEG --- PPG --- epilepsy --- signal processing --- brain monitoring --- artificial neural network --- predictive analysis --- dietary monitoring --- healthcare --- ring-type biosensor --- personalized digital medicine --- frailty syndrome --- sit-to-stand --- 30-s chair stand test --- wearable sensors --- fetal movement simulator --- fetal movement monitor --- maternal abdomen model --- acoustic sensor --- accelerometer --- piezoelectric diaphragm --- fiber Bragg grating sensors (FBGs) --- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) --- grasping actions detection --- motor assessment --- MR-compatible measuring systems --- abdominal movement signal --- hypopnea --- LSTM-RNN --- neural network --- oxygen saturation --- sleep apnea syndrome --- sleep–wake detection --- synchrosqueezing transform --- triaxial accelerometer --- thoracic movement signal --- multiple sclerosis --- kinematics --- surface EMG --- accelerator --- inertial sensor --- T10MW --- markerless motion capture --- automatic pushing analysis --- SCI patients --- RGB-D sensors --- respiration monitoring --- non-contact monitoring --- body movements detection --- thermal imaging --- natural sleep environments --- n/a --- unicolor limb-chest electrodes --- sleep-wake detection