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Aggregation (Chemistry) --- Clustering of particles --- Particles --- Precipitation (Chemistry) --- Clustering --- chemistry --- biology --- materials science --- aggregates --- aggregation --- Chemical Precipitation --- Precipitation, Chemical --- Phase Transition

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Crystallization --- Crystallography --- Chemical structure --- Chemical structure. --- Crystallization. --- Crystallography. --- Crystallographies --- Crystal Growth --- Polymorphic Crystals --- Crystalline Polymorphs --- Polymorphism, Crystallization --- Crystal, Polymorphic --- Crystalline Polymorph --- Crystallization Polymorphism --- Crystallization Polymorphisms --- Crystals, Polymorphic --- Growth, Crystal --- Polymorph, Crystalline --- Polymorphic Crystal --- Polymorphisms, Crystallization --- Polymorphs, Crystalline --- Leptology --- Structure, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Separation (Technology) --- Transition Temperature --- Phase Transition --- Physical sciences --- Mineralogy --- Matter --- Constitution

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During the past fifteen years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of different surfaces whose structures have been determined experimentally. For example, whereas in 1979 there were only 25 recorded adsorption structures, to date there are more than 250. This volume is therefore a timely review of the state-of-the-art in this dynamic field. Chapter one contains a compilation of the structural data base on surfaces within a series of tables that allows direct comparison of structural parameters for related systems. Experimental structural trends amongst both clean surfaces and ad

Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Cohesion. --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Adhesion --- Cohesion --- 538.91 --- 538.97 --- 538.97 Special geometry and interaction with particles and radiation --- Special geometry and interaction with particles and radiation --- 538.91 Structures, including transitions --- Structures, including transitions --- Bond formation --- Crystal structure --- Phase transition --- Reactivity (chemical) --- Surface structure

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Fuzzy Logic is a good model for the human ability to compute words. It is based on the theory of fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is different from a classical set because it breaks the Law of the Excluded Middle. In fact, an item may belong to a fuzzy set and its complement at the same time and with the same or different degree of membership. The degree of membership of an item in a fuzzy set can be any real number included between 0 and 1. This property enables us to deal with all those statements of which truths are a matter of degree. Fuzzy logic plays a relevant role in the field of Artificial Intelligence because it enables decision-making in complex situations, where there are many intertwined variables involved. Traditionally, fuzzy logic is implemented through software on a computer or, even better, through analog electronic circuits. Recently, the idea of using molecules and chemical reactions to process fuzzy logic has been promoted. In fact, the molecular word is fuzzy in its essence. The overlapping of quantum states, on the one hand, and the conformational heterogeneity of large molecules, on the other, enable context-specific functions to emerge in response to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, analog input–output relationships, involving not only electrical but also other physical and chemical variables can be exploited to build fuzzy logic systems. The development of “fuzzy chemical systems” is tracing a new path in the field of artificial intelligence. This new path shows that artificially intelligent systems can be implemented not only through software and electronic circuits but also through solutions of properly chosen chemical compounds. The design of chemical artificial intelligent systems and chemical robots promises to have a significant impact on science, medicine, economy, security, and wellbeing. Therefore, it is my great pleasure to announce a Special Issue of Molecules entitled “The Fuzziness in Molecular, Supramolecular, and Systems Chemistry.” All researchers who experience the Fuzziness of the molecular world or use Fuzzy logic to understand Chemical Complex Systems will be interested in this book.

fuzzy logic --- complexity --- chemical artificial intelligence --- human nervous system --- fuzzy proteins --- conformations --- photochromic compounds --- qubit --- protein dynamics --- conformational heterogeneity --- promiscuity --- fuzzy complexes --- higher-order structures --- protein evolution --- fuzzy set theory --- artificial intelligence --- GCN4 mimetic --- peptides–DNA --- E:Z photoisomerization --- conformational fuzziness --- photoelectrochemistry --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- artificial neuron --- in materio computing --- neuromorphic computing --- intrinsically disordered protein --- intrinsically disordered protein region --- liquid–liquid phase transition --- protein–protein interaction --- protein–nucleic acid interaction --- proteinaceous membrane-less organelle --- fuzzy complex. --- d-TST --- activation energy --- Transitivity plot --- solution kinetic --- Maxwell–Boltzmann path --- Euler’s formula for the exponential --- activation --- transitivity --- transport phenomena --- moonlighting proteins --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- metamorphic proteins --- morpheeins --- n/a --- peptides-DNA --- liquid-liquid phase transition --- protein-protein interaction --- protein-nucleic acid interaction --- Maxwell-Boltzmann path --- Euler's formula for the exponential

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Following new developments in the measurement of gravitational waves from neutron–star mergers and the modification or construction of particle colliders to reach larger densities, we are entering a new era, during which we can begin to understand dense and hot matter for the first time. This, together with future supernova explosion data, will provide us with the opportunity to have truly multimessenger data on hot and dense matter, which is, to some extent, similar to the matter present in the core of proto-neutron stars. This Special Issue focuses on the theory necessary to understand present and future data. It includes state-of-the-art theoretical models that describe dense and hot matter and dynamical stellar simulations that make use of them, with the ultimate goal of determining which degrees of freedom are relevant under these conditions and how they affect the matter equation of state and stellar evolution.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- neutron stars --- equations of state --- relativistic models --- gravitational waves --- neutron star --- equation of state --- universal relation --- hybrid star --- color superconductivity --- diquark --- dense matter --- neutrinos --- hyperons --- nuclear matter --- neutron star merger --- beta equilibration --- weak interaction --- n/a --- chiral symmetry --- axion QED --- quark–hole pairing --- cold-dense QCD --- magnetic DCDW --- quark stars --- dark matter --- radial oscillations --- nuclear matter aspects --- quark deconfinement --- quark-gluon plasma production --- phase-transition --- neutron star crust --- meson interactions --- quantum molecular dynamics --- quark-hole pairing