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Marine Manganese Deposits

Manganese nodules --- Deep-sea manganese nodules --- Manganese ores --- Marine mineral resources --- Marine sediments --- Manganese nodules.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Nitrogen Fixation --- Nodules --- Metabolic Adjustment --- Gene Expression reprogramming --- Omics --- Signal Transduction --- Long-Range Signals --- Legume --- Rhizobia

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

ericoid mycorrhiza --- arbuscular mycorrhiza --- symbiotic nitrogen fixation --- LysM receptor --- legume nodules --- actinorhizal symbiosis --- evolution of signaling --- symbiotic signaling

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Since the 1990s, ultrasound (US) has played a major role in the assessment of thyroid nodules and their risk of malignancy. Over the last decade, the most eminent international societies have published US-based systems for the risk stratification of thyroid lesions, namely, Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data Systems (TIRADSs). The introduction of TIRADSs into clinical practice has significantly increased the diagnostic power of US to a level approaching that of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). At present, we are probably approaching a new era in which US could be the primary tool to diagnose thyroid cancer. However, before using US in this new dominant role, we need further proof. This Special Issue, which includes reviews and original articles, aims to pave the way for the future in the field of thyroid US. Highly experienced thyroidologists focused on US are asked to contribute to achieve this goal.

n/a --- thyroid --- ultrasonography --- follicular neoplasm --- follicular lesion of unknown significance --- follicular thyroid cancer --- papillary thyroid carcinoma --- neoplasm metastasis --- biopsy --- fine-needle --- thyroglobulin --- US-guided minimally invasive techniques --- radiofrequency ablation --- RFA --- benign thyroid nodules --- thyroid cancer --- DTC recurrences --- PTMC --- long term --- follow-up --- regrowth --- classification system --- ultrasound classification system --- TIRAD --- nodule --- risk stratification --- TI-RADS --- fine-needle aspiration --- cancer --- ultrasound --- scintigraphy --- non-autonomously functioning --- thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TIRADS) --- risk of malignancy (ROM) --- thyroid nodules --- paediatrics --- radiotherapy --- risk assessment --- DTC --- thyroid neoplasm --- medical imaging --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- deep learning --- radiomics --- prediction --- diagnosis --- Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS) --- pediatric thyroid nodules --- neck ultrasound --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) --- papillary thyroid cancer --- TIRADS --- thyroid nodule --- fine-needle aspiration biopsy --- elastosonography

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This Special Issue of Minerals presents recent, select studies that highlight advances in the fields of hydro- and biohydrometallurgy. It aims to attract the interest of readers and especially of young scientists and students in this fascinating scientific discipline. The topics addressed include the following:• Stirred reactor and heap leaching of laterites (limonitic and saprolitic), as well as iron control during atmospheric acid leaching;• Leaching of a typical porphyry copper sulfide deposit from Antofagasta, Chile, using chloride-ferrous solutions;• Leaching of chalcopyrite ores with various leaching media;• Leaching of white metal from a Teniente converter in NaCl-H2SO4 media; • Study of the galvanic effect of pyrite and arsenopyrite during the leaching of gold ores;• Leaching of marine nodules in the presence of reducing agents to extract Mn;• Bioleaching of gold ores in the presence of iodide-oxidizing bacteria;• A two-step sequential leaching process, involving bioleaching and chemical leaching, to treat apatite ores containing P and U impurities;• Bioreductive dissolution of iron minerals present in monazite in stirred reactors using Acidithiobacillus (A.) species;• Heap leaching of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) for the recovery of Zn and Cu.

n/a --- counter-current leaching --- metal extraction --- slag --- low-grade saprolitic laterite --- agglomeration --- bioleaching --- white metal --- precipitation --- iodide --- seawater --- reducing agent --- chloride --- chalcopyrite --- pyrite–arsenopyrite galvanic pair --- frontier orbital methods --- acid media --- bottom ash --- phosphorus --- manganese nodules --- waste reuse --- galvanic effect --- gold diiodide --- municipal solid waste incineration --- jarosite --- column leaching --- secondary mining --- iodide-oxidizing bacteria --- leaching --- primary sulfide copper --- heap leaching --- electrochemical --- optimization of parameters --- chloride ion --- reductive mineral dissolution --- tailings --- curing --- acid leaching --- secondary products --- uranium --- ferric ion --- Acidithiobacillus --- limonitic laterites --- iron reduction --- fluorapatite --- nitrate --- gold --- phosphate mineral --- purification --- iodine --- nickel --- sodium sulfite --- pregnant leach solution --- copper sulfide --- sulphuric acid --- laterites --- REE --- pretreatment --- triiodide --- laterite --- pyrite-arsenopyrite galvanic pair