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We're all hypocrites. Why? Hypocrisy is the natural state of the human mind. Robert Kurzban shows us that the key to understanding our behavioral inconsistencies lies in understanding the mind's design. The human mind consists of many specialized units designed by the process of evolution by natural selection. While these modules sometimes work together seamlessly, they don't always, resulting in impossibly contradictory beliefs, vacillations between patience and impulsiveness, violations of our supposed moral principles, and overinflated views of ourselves. This modular, evolutionary psychological view of the mind undermines deeply held intuitions about ourselves, as well as a range of scientific theories that require a "self" with consistent beliefs and preferences. Modularity suggests that there is no "I." Instead, each of us is a contentious "we"--a collection of discrete but interacting systems whose constant conflicts shape our interactions with one another and our experience of the world. In clear language, full of wit and rich in examples, Kurzban explains the roots and implications of our inconsistent minds, and why it is perfectly natural to believe that everyone else is a hypocrite.
Modularity (Psychology) --- Evolutionary psychology. --- Self-deception. --- Deception --- Defense mechanisms (Psychology) --- Self-perception --- Psychology --- Human evolution --- Faculty psychology --- Modules (Psychology) --- Human information processing
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This collection of previously unpublished papers explores the implications of Chomsky's Minimalist framework for the modularity of grammar.
Psycholinguistics --- Grammar --- Generative grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Modularity (Psychology) --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Linguistics --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Grammar, Generative --- Grammar, Transformational --- Grammar, Transformational generative --- Transformational generative grammar --- Transformational grammar --- Syntax --- Faculty psychology --- Modules (Psychology) --- Human information processing --- Psychological aspects --- Derivation --- Psycholinguistics. --- Generative grammar. --- Syntax. --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax
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Is normal language acquisition possible in spite of serious intellectual impairment? The answer, it would appear, is positive. This book summarizes and discusses recent evidence in this respect. The bulk of the argument comes from the in depth study of a Down Syndrome adult woman with standard trisomy 21, exhibiting virtually normal expressive and receptive grammar. The case is compared to a small number of other exceptional cases of language development in mental retardation, as published in the recent specialized literature. Cases such as those are powerful arguments against 'cognition drives language' or better 'cognition drives grammar' theories and hypotheses. Data analysis and comparison with other empirical indications in language pathology (specific language impaired children, aphasic syndromes, degenerative syndromes, dementias) suggest dividing lines in the language system relevant to the modularity problem. Also, comparison of data on language exceptional and language-typical mentally retarded subjects supplies interesting arguments in favor of a conception of grammatical development as the gradual unfolding of innate species-specific dispositions, which are prevented to be realized ontogenetically in typical mental retardates for reason of the anomalies of early brain development in these subjects.
People with mental disabilities --- Language acquisition. --- Modularity (Psychology) --- Faculty psychology --- Modules (Psychology) --- Human information processing --- Acquisition of language --- Developmental linguistics --- Developmental psycholinguistics --- Language and languages --- Language development in children --- Psycholinguistics, Developmental --- Interpersonal communication in children --- Psycholinguistics --- Intellectually disabled persons --- Mental disabilities, People with --- Mentally deficient persons --- Mentally disabled persons --- Mentally disordered persons --- Mentally handicapped --- Mentally retarded persons --- People with intellectual disabilities --- Retarded persons --- People with disabilities --- Intellectual disability --- Mentally ill --- Language --- Language. --- Acquisition --- Health Sciences --- Psychiatry & Psychology
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Experts from diverse fields, including artificial life, cognitive science, economics, developmental and evolutionary biology, and the arts, discuss modularity.Modularity--the attempt to understand systems as integrations of partially independent and interacting units--is today a dominant theme in the life sciences, cognitive science, and computer science. The concept goes back at least implicitly to the Scientific (or Copernican) Revolution, and can be found behind later theories of phrenology, physiology, and genetics; moreover, art, engineering, and mathematics rely on modular design principles. This collection broadens the scientific discussion of modularity by bringing together experts from a variety of disciplines, including artificial life, cognitive science, economics, evolutionary computation, developmental and evolutionary biology, linguistics, mathematics, morphology, paleontology, physics, theoretical chemistry, philosophy, and the arts.The contributors debate and compare the uses of modularity, discussing the different disciplinary contexts of "modular thinking" in general (including hierarchical organization, near-decomposability, quasi-independence, and recursion) or of more specialized concepts (including character complex, gene family, encapsulation, and mosaic evolution); what modules are, why and how they develop and evolve, and the implication for the research agenda in the disciplines involved; and how to bring about useful cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer on the topic. The book includes a foreword by the late Herbert A. Simon addressing the role of near-decomposability in understanding complex systems.
Evolution (Biology) --- Natural selection. --- Chaotic behavior in systems. --- Modularity (Psychology) --- Biocomplexity. --- Natural selection --- Chaotic behavior in systems --- Biocomplexity --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Evolution --- Biological complexity --- Complexity, Biological --- Chaos in systems --- Chaos theory --- Chaotic motion in systems --- Darwinism --- Selection, Natural --- Faculty psychology --- Modules (Psychology) --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biodiversity --- Differentiable dynamical systems --- Dynamics --- Nonlinear theories --- System theory --- Genetics --- Variation (Biology) --- Biological invasions --- Heredity --- Human information processing --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Phylogeny --- BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES/Evolution --- BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES/General --- Evolution (Biology). --- Modularity (Psychology).
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