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Human CD8+ T cells expressing NK receptors and receptors found on innate immune cells, and designated as NK-like or innate CD8+ T cells, have been long considered as terminally differentiated lymphocytes responsible for tissue inflammation and destruction. However, a growing body of knowledge is unveiling that NK-like CD8+ T cells have many, sometimes contrasting, functions. The limited knowledge of the biology of this type of CD8+ T cells and the role they play within peripheral tissues and organs under homeostatic conditions has hampered our understanding of disease and therefore the possible development of disease diagnostic tools and effective immunotherapies. In this Research Topic are presented a variety of topics and views, some of them overlooked for many years, on human NK-like CD8+ T cells, which may open new and novel avenues of research to further our understanding of these polyfunctional T cells.

Open conformers --- Disease control --- Adaptive --- Innate receptors --- Successful aging --- Regulatory --- Suppressor --- Tissue repair --- Cytotoxic --- MHC class I

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This book is a collection of chapters around the theme of parasitology and zoonosis in bot war and peace and the impact of these fields on public health. Individual experts have contributed reviews, novel research, and case series within the field to make a broad and interesting collection designed to stimulate thought and discussion in this area. The collection is dedicated to the life and career of Emeritus Professor John Marsden Goldsmid, an eminent parasitologist and advocate for further attention to these above listed fields of medicine. It would be suitable for medical and veterinary practitioners, students, scientists, and epidemiologists with an interest in parasitology and public health.

Ternidens --- ternidensiasis --- false hookworm --- hookworm --- soil transmitted helminths --- STH --- helminth --- zoonosis --- human --- primate --- leishmaniasis --- qPCR --- bisulphite --- gnathostomiasis --- schistosomiasis --- imported helminthiasis --- praziquantel --- parasitology --- zoonoses --- tropical medicine --- travel medicine --- global medicine --- Tasmania --- e-Diagnosis --- morphologist --- molecular parasitology --- social determinants of health --- cultural safety in health service delivery --- cultural competency --- Gnathostoma species --- larva migrans --- Okavango --- southern Africa --- tourists --- devil facial tumor disease --- parasite --- transmissible cancer --- MHC --- immune escape --- medical history --- military --- WW2 --- lymphatic filariasis --- Pacific --- n/a

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Biomarkers are of critical medical importance for oncologists, allowing them to predict and detect disease and to determine the best course of action for cancer patient care. Prognostic markers are used to evaluate a patient’s outcome and cancer recurrence probability after initial interventions such as surgery or drug treatments and, hence, to select follow-up and further treatment strategies. On the other hand, predictive markers are increasingly being used to evaluate the probability of benefit from clinical intervention(s), driving personalized medicine. Evolving technologies and the increasing availability of “multiomics” data are leading to the selection of numerous potential biomarkers, based on DNA, RNA, miRNA, protein, and metabolic alterations within cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, that may be combined with clinical and pathological data to greatly improve the prediction of both cancer progression and therapeutic treatment responses. However, in recent years, few biomarkers have progressed from discovery to become validated tools to be used in clinical practice. This Special Issue comprises eight review articles and five original studies on novel potential prognostic and predictive markers for different cancer types.

MSI2 --- OSCC --- oral cancer --- musashi 2 --- prognosis --- N-cadherin --- EMT --- breast cancer --- new metastasis --- eribulin --- blood --- biomarker --- bladder cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- CD8+ T effector cells --- microRNA --- biomarkers --- head and neck cancer --- laryngeal cancer --- prediction --- metastasis --- lifestyle habit --- chemo-/radio resistance --- therapeutic target --- AKT --- AR --- castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- MAPK --- mTOR --- PI3K --- prostate cancer --- therapeutic resistance --- WNT --- miRNA --- melanoma --- melanoma resistance to MAPK/MEK inhibitors --- resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors --- TNBC --- BRCA1/2 --- HRR --- PDL1 --- TILs --- PI3KCA --- PTEN --- CTCs --- CSC --- pancreatic cancer --- K-RAS oncogene --- oncogene dependency --- targeted therapies --- genomic mutations --- transcriptomics --- metabolomics --- selenoproteins --- cancer --- HUB nodes --- major histocompatibility complex (MHC) --- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) --- antigen processing machinery (APM) molecules --- carcinogenesis --- tumor predisposition --- cancer immunotherapy --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- head and neck neoplasms --- head and neck tumors --- genetic syndromes --- mutations --- hyperglycemia --- cardioncology --- nivolumab --- cytokines --- cardiotoxicity --- acetyltransferase --- cancer prognosis --- NAA10 --- n/a

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Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This Special Issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus–host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections but also include novel technological developments.

ectoderm --- mesoderm --- human development --- embryogenesis --- interferon response --- interferon-induced genes --- self-organizing map (SOM) data portrayal --- epigenetic signature --- embryoid body --- TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathway --- interferon --- tumor necrosis factor --- STAT --- interferon regulatory factor --- antiviral --- autoimmunity --- inflammation --- hepatitis C virus --- HCV --- erlin-1 --- erlin-2 --- host factor --- endoplasmic reticulum --- RNA replication --- protein production --- virus production --- lipid droplet --- TAP-GFP --- fluorescent TAP platform --- antigen presentation --- MHC I --- immune evasion --- BoHV-1 UL49.5 --- virus --- calcium channels --- calcium pumps --- virus–host interaction --- Ebola virus --- filovirus --- inclusion bodies --- NXF1 --- liquid organelles --- mRNA export --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncolytic virus --- herpes simplex virus --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- angiogenesis inhibitor --- rabies --- uDISCO --- 3D imaging --- rabies pathogenicity --- astrocyte infection --- metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- HIV-1 spread --- cell-free infection --- cell–cell transmission --- 3D cultures --- mathematical modeling --- environmental restriction --- CAD --- pyrimidine synthesis --- HEV --- particle production --- viral replication --- virus entry --- hantavirus --- Tula virus --- replication --- factory --- RNA synthesis --- Golgi --- stress granules --- actin cytoskeleton --- nucleocapsid transport --- Arp2/3 complex --- ERAP2 --- ERAP2/Iso3 --- microbial infections --- alternative splicing --- SARS-CoV-2 --- host cell response --- coronavirus --- MERS-CoV --- SARS-CoV --- sialic acid --- Siglec --- antiviral peptide --- enveloped viruses --- membrane phosphatidylserine --- envelope disruption --- membrane damage --- antiviral autophagy --- galectin --- bacterial invasion --- adenovirus --- lysophagy --- ESCRT machinery --- cedar virus --- henipavirus --- fusion protein --- endocytosis --- biological activity --- feline coronavirus --- feline enteric coronavirus --- FECV --- feline infectious peritonitis virus --- FIPV --- feline intestinal organoids --- alphaviruses --- cell death --- mosquito --- tolerance

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In recent years, peptides have received increased interest from the pharmaceutical industry. The high potency, specificity, and safety profile are the main strengths of bioactive peptides as new and promising therapies that may fill the gap between small molecules and protein drugs. These positive attributes have renewed interest in the discovery, optimization, and development of peptides as pharmacological therapy. Among bioactive peptides, those released from food sources have acquired importance as nutraceutical and active components in functional foods because they possess regulatory functions that can lead to health benefits. This Special Issue covers a selection of recent research papers and reviews in the field of bioactive peptides. It covers all aspects of peptide research in relation to health promotion. In particular, it emphasizes current knowledge and research trends concerning bioactive peptides, including identification and quantification of peptides from new sources, methods for their production and purification, structure–function relationships, mechanisms of action, in vitro and in vivo assays for the evaluation of their bioactivity, physiological evidence to support health benefits, and peptide stability and bioavailability. Papers regarding the development of new drugs, functional foods, or nutraceuticals based on bioactive peptides were also considered.

antihypertensive peptides --- functional food --- food-derived --- fermentation --- Chlorella sorokiniana --- in silico --- BIOPEP-UWM database --- proteomics --- bioactive peptides --- nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC–nanoESI MS/MS) --- apolipoprotein E --- amyloid fibrils --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Αβ oligomer --- amyloid --- Aβ peptide --- glioma --- platelets --- antiproliferative assay --- conjugation --- docetaxel --- doxorubicin --- extra domain B --- fibronectin --- Fmoc/tBu --- peptide–drug conjugate --- prostate cancer --- solid-phase synthesis --- targeting --- acrylamide --- enteric nervous system --- galanin --- pig --- stomach --- formyl peptide receptors --- ligands --- diseases --- polymicrobial biofilms --- intragenic antimicrobial peptide --- Hs02 --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Staphylococcus aureus --- osteostatin --- arthritis --- inflammation --- immune response --- cartilage destruction --- bone erosion --- collagen --- hydrolysis --- enzyme --- molecular weight --- sheepskin --- NF-κB --- dry-cured pork ham --- angiotensin I converting enzyme --- endothelial dysfunction --- molecular blind docking --- Lactoferricin B (Lfcin B) --- Histatin-5 --- antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) --- antifungal activity --- proteome microarray --- synergy --- temporin --- MRSA --- antimicrobial peptide --- human keratinocytes --- pseudin-2 --- antisepsis, peptide antibiotics --- neurotensin --- asthma --- T cells --- In situ tetramer staining --- MHC tetramer --- antigen-specific --- confocal microscopy --- fresh tissue --- velvet antler --- alcalase hydrolysate --- antioxidant peptide --- protection ability --- oxidative stress --- Crassostrea angulata --- pidotimod --- CXCR3 --- monocyte --- migration --- PI3K/Akt pathway --- T cell --- immunomodulant --- host defense peptides --- membrane activity --- copper --- piscidins --- Clostridioides difficile --- prolactin-releasing peptide --- GPR10 --- RF-amide peptides --- food intake regulation --- energy expenditure --- neuroprotection --- signaling --- gender differences --- dyslipidemia --- obesity --- hyperglycemia --- pulmonary emphysema --- endothelial progenitor cells --- angiogenic precursor cells --- pegylated glucagon-like peptide 1 --- and endothelial regeneration --- miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) --- swim bladder --- FPYLRH --- antioxidant activity --- cytoprotective effect --- antimicrobial peptides --- antimicrobial resistance --- AMP identification and design --- biosynthesis --- mode of action --- physico-chemical properties --- therapeutic potential --- insects --- Cecropins --- Cec-analogs --- MDR infectious diseases --- airway inflammation --- non-atopic asthma --- hybrid peptide --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- sPLA2 --- MDA --- database --- proteolysis --- SMILES code --- foods --- nutrition --- chronic diseases --- nutraceuticals --- peptide vaccine --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- humanized mouse --- cancer antigen --- immune suppression --- vasoactive intestinal peptide --- VPAC1 receptor --- VPAC2 receptor --- rheumatic diseases --- inflammatory bowel disease --- central nervous system diseases --- type 1 diabetes --- Sjögren’s syndrome --- biomarkers --- human antimicrobial peptides --- defensins --- cathelicidins --- anti-inflammatory --- pro-inflammatory --- peptide --- combinatorial library --- library design --- screening --- mutagenesis --- prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) --- hydroxyprolyl-glycine (Hyp-Gly) --- collagen peptide --- fibroblasts --- fetal bovine serum (FBS) --- AMD --- CNV --- VEGFR1 --- multimeric peptides --- oral delivery --- colorectal cancer --- cancer stem cells --- chemoprevention --- bioactive peptide --- lunasin --- ACE-inhibitory activity --- whey peptides --- molecular docking --- hypertension --- antibiotic resistance --- cystic fibrosis --- cryptides --- anti-biofilm peptides --- synergistic effects --- n/a --- nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-nanoESI MS/MS) --- Alzheimer's disease --- peptide-drug conjugate --- Sjögren's syndrome