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Catalysts are made of nanoparticles of metals, metal oxides, and other compounds that may act as active phases, support the latter, or a combination of both. The initial incentive to reduce as much as possible, up to the nano-scale, the size of the particles of active catalyst components is to maximize the surface area exposed to reactants, thus minimizing the specific cost per function and increasing the rate of conversion of feedstocks to products in relatively simple reactions. Nowadays, the interest in nanocatalyst developments has shifted to an emphasis on improving the selectivity of catalysts, allowing one to obtain desirable reactions in more complex synthetic processes. Thus, new generations of nanocatalysts should be designed at the molecular level to display well-defined structural characteristics, in terms of size, shapes, hierarchical porosity, and morphologies, as well as with controlled chemical composition. The development of efficient nanocatalysts supposes the characterization of their various surface active sites at the nanometer scale, which is focused on establishing synthesis–structure–performance relationships.

plasmonic photocatalyst --- metal nanoparticle --- N–TiO2 --- nanocomposites --- photocatalytic selective oxidation --- heterogeneous catalysis --- transition metal nitrides --- hydrogen production --- formic acid decomposition --- nickel catalyst --- calcium oxide promoter --- silica support --- Iron-based perovskites --- copper --- NO oxidation to NO2 --- NO2-assisted diesel soot oxidation --- soot oxidation under GDI exhaust conditions --- aqueous-phase reforming --- nickel --- ceria --- zirconia --- calcium --- yttrium --- methanol --- graphite --- reduced graphene oxide --- nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide --- exfoliation --- oxygen reduction reaction --- electrocatalysis --- UiO-66 --- iron --- cobalt --- nanocatalyst --- CO oxidation --- COProx --- methane --- oxidation catalysis --- formaldehyde --- magnetite iron oxide --- Fe3O4 --- palladium --- Pd --- silver --- Ag --- low-temperature activity --- nanocomposite --- Raman --- TG in air --- TG in hydrogen --- XRD --- electron microscopy --- EDS --- coordination polymers --- methane storage --- XRD crystallinity measurements --- mechanical shaping --- compaction --- VAM --- gas separation --- MOF pelletization --- catalysts --- dimerization --- isobutene --- olefins --- n/a