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Open Access The fourth volume of the collected papers of the ICLA congress "The Many Languages of Comparative Literature" includes articles that study thematic and formal elements of literary texts. Although the question of prioritizing either the level of content or that of form has often provoked controversies, most contributions here treat them as internally connected. While theoretical considerations inform many of the readings, the main interest of most articles can be described as rhetorical (in the widest sense) - given that the ancient discipline of rhetoric did not only include the study of rhetorical figures and tropes such as metaphor, irony, or satire, but also that of topoi, which were originally viewed as the 'places' where certain arguments could be found, but later came to represent the arguments or intellectual themes themselves. Another feature shared by most of the articles is the tendency of 'undeclared thematology', which not only reflects the persistence of the charge of positivism, but also shows that most scholars prefer to locate themselves within more specific, often interdisciplinary fields of literary study. In this sense, this volume does not only prove the ongoing relevance of traditional fields such as rhetoric and thematology, but provides contributions to currently flourishing research areas, among them literary multilingualism, literature and emotions, and ecocriticism.

Literary form.

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The presence of so many fabliaux in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is intriguing in its own right, given the fact that there are no real fabliaux in Middle English befor Chaucer. But these stories are also interesting as instances of a concept and practice thas has received little critical attention so far, namely 'analogy', the writing and, above all, recognition of 'similar' stories. How to account for the literary practice that enables us to perceive stories as similar, c.q. analogous? This original study sets out to explore this phenomenon, first tentatively vis-?)vis other terms and practices (Translation, Borrowing, Adaptation, Version) and then, in the major part of the book, in a pragmatic-structuralist analysis of four salient components of narrative--Plot, Character, Thematics, and Genre--each illustrated with examples taken from Chaucer's fabliaux and their analogues in various European languages.In each of the four chapters the key-issue is Categorisation and Hertog traces its evolution and usefulness a a concept from Wittgenstein's family resemblances' and Zadeh's 'fuzzy set theory' to E. Rosch's Prototype theory. The conclusion draws attention to two aspects which set Chaucer's fabliaux very much apart from the other analogues: their contextuality within the polylogue of the Canterbury Tales, and secondly, their explicit intertextuality which invites us to look anew at the assumptions of traditional source-criticism. The study ends with some theoretical reflections on analogy and an attempt at definition.The book will interest not only Chaucerians and other medievalists but also scholars in literarry theory and interpretation.

Literary form --- History

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Pietro Gasparri (1852-1934) fu un insigne giurista, un apprezzato docente universitario e un abile diplomatico pontificio. Diresse la Segreteria di Stato e la Curia romana dal novembre 1914 al gennaio 1930, cioè in un periodo cruciale della storia europea e del papato. Il volume - frutto dei seminari di studio sulla "Politica internazionale della Santa Sede" tenuti fra il 2013 e il 2016 e organizzati in collaborazione tra l'Università europea di Roma e l'Institut catholique de Paris - presenta i contributi di un gruppo internazionale di storici e archivisti, senior e dottorandi, incentrati su Gasparri nel suo ruolo di segretario di Stato, quale figura centrale del governo della Chiesa cattolica del Novecento. Pietro Gasparri (1852-1934) was a famous jurist, a valued university professor and an able papal diplomat. He headed the Secretary of State and the Roman Curia from November 1914 to January 1930, during a crucial period in the history of Europe and of the Papacy. This book - the outcome of research seminars on "The international policy of the Holy See" held in Rome between 2013 and 2016 in collaboration with the Università europea di Roma and the Institut catholique de Paris - gathers the contributions of an international group of historians and archivists, seniors and PhD students. It focuses on Gasparri in his role as Secretary of State: a central figure of the government of the Church in the twentieth century.

Biography as a literary form.

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Fascinating, wide-ranging, hugely knowledgeable - an indispensable guide and a beguiling education William BoydPacked with insights and advice - just the inspiration to start writing! Jenny UglowEveryone has a story. This book shows how the best writers tell them, and offers advice on how to tell them yourself. Biographers Sally Cline and Carole Angier teach life writing - an area of creative writing that is exploding in popularity - at the world-famous Arvon Foundation. They have distilled the essence of their popular course on memoir, autobiography and biography into this wide-ranging book.

Biography as a literary form. --- Autobiography --- Authorship.

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Nieuw nummer van het tijdschrift Nieuwe Tijdingen Aan de populariteit van de historische biografie lijkt maar geen einde te komen. Ieder jaar weer verschijnen er tal van nieuwe levensbeschrijvingen van vroegmoderne vorsten, staatslieden, kunstenaars en drukkers. Doorgaans zijn het klassieke, chronologisch geordende levensbeschrijvingen, stevig ingebed in de historische context, tot tevredenheid van de meeste recensenten en lezers. Echter, enige kritische reflectie op de biografische methode ten aanzien van figuren uit de vroegmoderne tijd ontbrak tot nu toe in de Lage Landen. Deze uitgave wil hiertoe een kritische bijdrage leveren en houdt de hedendaagse biografische methodes goed tegen het licht. De auteurs in dit volume verkennen de (on)mogelijkheden van de dominerende, klassiek chronologisch geordende levensbeschrijvingen over personen uit de vroegmoderne tijd, en staan daarnaast ook stil bij de historische context, de verhouding fictie versus feit, en ten slotte bij het schrijfproces zelf.

Biography as a literary form. --- Benelux countries