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The Mediterranean diet is well-known worldwide and recognized as a nutrition reference model by the World Health Organization. Virgin olive oil, prepared from healthy and intact fruits of the olive tree only by mechanical means, is a basic ingredient and a real pillar of this diet. Its positive role in health has now been a topic of universal concern. The virtues of natural olive oil, and especially of extra virgin olive oil, are related to the quality of the fruits, the employment of advanced technologies, and the availability of sophisticated analytical techniques that are used to control the origin of the fruits and guarantee the grade of the final product. To enrich recent multidisciplinary scientific information concerning this healthy lipid source, a new special issue of Foods has been published.

1H NMR spectroscopy --- EVOOs geographical origin --- extra virgin olive oil --- multivariate statistical analysis --- historical climate data --- olive oil --- biophenols --- Mediterranean diet --- pharma-nutrition --- cardiovascular disease --- authentication --- bioactive --- by-product --- glycolipid --- lipidomics --- mass spectrometry --- phospholipid --- traceability --- extra-virgin olive oil --- EVOO --- chlorophylls --- carotenoids --- pigments --- colour --- quality --- spectroscopy --- ultraviolet-visible light --- light absorption --- successful aging --- dietary fats --- authenticity --- cultivars --- triacylglycerols --- volatiles --- chemometrics --- extraction process --- innovative approaches --- ultrasound --- technological level of readiness --- varietal authentication --- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy --- polar lipids --- bio-phenols --- pharmaceutical molecular mechanisms of action --- primary public health prevention strategies --- healthy aging and longevity

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Measurement techniques form the basis of our knowledge about atmospheric composition and chemistry. Presently, important questions of atmospheric chemistry center on urban pollution, free-radical chemistry, degradation of greenhouse gases and the budgets of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. Among the many different optical spectroscopic methods that are in use, DOAS has emerged as a universal technique to measure the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases by making use of the characteristic absorption features of gas molecules along a path of known length in the open atmosphere. This book reviews the basics of atmospheric chemistry, radiation transport, and optical spectroscopy before detailing the principles underlying DOAS. The second part of the book describes the design and application of DOAS instruments as well as the evaluation and interpretation of spectra. The recent expansion of DOAS application to the imaging of trace gas distributions by ground, aircraft, and satellite-based instruments is also covered. Written for graduate students and researchers with a general background in environmental physics, this book especially addresses the needs of those working in the field of atmospheric chemistry, pollution monitoring, and volcanology.

Optical spectroscopy. --- Absorption spectra. --- Light absorption. --- Spectrum analysis. --- Atmospheric chemistry. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Absorption of light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Selective absorption --- Exciton theory --- Molecular spectroscopy --- Spectrum analysis --- Spectroscopy, Optical --- Visible spectroscopy --- Qualitative --- Atmospheric science --- Geology. --- Physical geography. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Geochemistry. --- Natural Hazards. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Environmental Physics. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Geography --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Spectrometry --- Natural disasters. --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Geophysics. --- Environmental sciences. --- Physical chemistry. --- Dynamics --- Physics --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Environmental science --- Science --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics

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The 5th volume of LIGHT SCATTERING REVIEWS is devoted to modern knowledge and milestones in both experimental and theoretical techniques related to radiative transfer and optics of such highly reflective objects as snow and ice. Twelve leading world experts in their respective fields provide important contributions to this fascinating subject. The first chapter has three parts: In the first, the main optical properties of large particles such ice crystals in snow and clouds are presented. The second part gives recent results in the understanding of light polarization and brightness near opposition, which is important for the observation of atmosphereless solar-system objects. The chapter ends with a summary of previous studies based on both approximate and rigorous methods of numerical light scattering simulations for fractal aggregates, such as soot particles. The second chapter of the book describes recent results in the broad area of radiative transfer. In the first three parts, several radiative transfer codes are presented and explained in detail: DISORT, the general-purpose discrete-ordinate algorithm for radiative transfer; SHARM, fast and accurate radiative transfer with atmospheric gaseous absorption and spatially variable anisotropic surfaces; and SCIATRAN, a new tool to study the polarized radiative transfer in the terrestrial atmosphere – underlying surface system. Part 4 studies optical properties of paper in the framework of radiative transfer theory, while the fifth part reviews the theoretical foundations of the inverse problems of radiative transfer. Part 6 concentrates on the linearization of atmospheric radiative transfer in spherical geometry, which is important for satellite remote sensing applications, such as limb mode observations of the atmosphere from space. The chapter ends with the radiative transfer modeling of the Ring effect, which is observed where the solar spectrum shows the so-called Fraunhofer lines of low intensity, caused by rotational Raman scattering by nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the Earth's atmosphere. Fundamental theoretical results from studies of the Ring effect are reported in this volume. Chapter 3 describes in two parts the optical properties of snow and ice, which are particularly relevant to studies of climate change. Part 1 considers the complex scattering optics of natural snow cover, while Part 2 describes novel theoretical and observational techniques for estimating light scattering in Arctic sea ice. Summing up, this book will be a valuable addition to the library of any scientist dealing with light scattering and radiative transfer problems.

Light -- Scattering. --- Light absorption. --- Particles -- Optical properties. --- Radiative transfer. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Environmental Sciences --- Light --- Scattering. --- Transfer, Radiative --- Light scattering --- Scattering of light --- Environment. --- Geophysics. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Remote sensing. --- Astronomy. --- Astrophysics. --- Cosmology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental Physics. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Physical sciences --- Space sciences --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Aerophysics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Physical meteorology --- Geophysics --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Astrophysics --- Heat --- Radiation --- Transport theory --- Diffusion --- Particles --- Reflection (Optics) --- Refraction --- Scattering (Physics) --- Radiation and absorption --- Physical geography. --- Geography --- Atmosphere

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In Aerosol Optics, Alexander Kokhanovsky provides a comprehensive review of available techniques for the remote sensing of aerosols. Although mostly satellite remote sensing is considered, ground-based techniques are also discussed. The work is founded on the solid basis of radiative transfer theory, coupled with Maxwell theory for the calculation of the scattering properties of small particles. IN particular, the author describes techniques for the determination of the column concentration of aerosol particles and their optical sizing using spaceborne optical instrumentation. The majority of the techniques described in this book use a so-called "library method". This method relies upon the precalculated top-of-atmosphere reflectances (TOAR) for vaious atmospheric aerosol types. The comparison of measured and calculated TOARS allows one to characterize the optically-equivalent aerosol state.

Atmospheric aerosols --- Light absorption. --- Optical properties. --- Remote sensing. --- Absorption of light --- Light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Aerosols --- Atmospheric chemistry --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental sciences. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Applied and Technical Physics. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Environment, general. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Geophysics. --- Physics. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Air pollution. --- Environment. --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation --- Safety measures. --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- New optics --- Optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics --- Control --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Ecology