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Leaves are among the most abundant organs on earth and are a defining feature of most terrestrial ecosystems. However, a leaf is also a potential meal for a hungry animal and the question therefore arises, why does so much foliage survive in nature? What mechanisms protect leaves so that, on a global scale, only a relatively small proportion of living leaf material is consumed? Leaf survival is in large part due to two processes: firstly, leaf-eating organisms fall prey to predators (top-down pressure on the herbivore); secondly, leaves defend themselves (bottom-up pressure on the herbivore). Remarkably, these two types of event are often linked; they are controlled and coordinated by plants and the molecular mechanisms that underlie this are now beginning to emerge.This novel text focuses exclusively on the leaf, on the herbivorous organisms that attack leaves, and the mechanisms that plants use to defend these vital organs. It begins with an assessment of the scale of herbivory, before examining direct physical and chemical defences on leaf surfaces and within the leaf itself. Although some leaf defences are easily seen, most operate at the molecular level and are therefore invisible to the naked eye. Many of these recently elucidated mechanisms are described. Throughout the book, perspectives from both the laboratory and the field are combined. A central feature of the work is its emphasis on the coevolution of leaf defences and the digestive tracts of animals including humans, making the book of relevance in understanding the role of leaf defences in agriculture.Leaf Defence is suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in plant science, as well as a broader audience of biologists and biochemists seeking a comprehensive and authoritative overview of this exciting and emerging topic.

Leaves --- Plant Ecology --- Nature --- Science --- Plant ecology

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This volume discusses why faculty and administrators of academe should care about implementing family-friendly policies and practices, as well as how faculty and administrators can advocate for policy changes. Faculty and administrators can benefit from these case studies' guidance on how to create family-friendly campuses at their institutions.

College personnel management --- College teachers --- College teachers --- College personnel management --- College teachers --- College teachers --- Family relationships --- Leaves of absence. --- Family relationships --- Leaves of absence

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The book deals with biological, mathematical, descriptive, causal and systemic phyllotaxis. It aims at reflecting the widest possible range of ideas and research closely related to phyllotaxis and contains 30 well illustrated chapters.The book has three parts of equal importance. The first two parts concern data collecting, pattern recognition and pattern generation to which students of phyllotaxis are well accustomed. The third part is devoted to the problem of origins of phyllotactic patterns, giving the field of phyllotaxis the universality it requires to be fully understood.Phyllotaxis-lik

Phyllotaxis --- Plant morphogenesis --- Symmetry (Biology) --- Investigative Techniques --- Biology --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Plant Physiological Phenomena --- Botany --- Models, Theoretical --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Anatomy --- Mathematical models --- Mathematical models. --- Phyllotaxy --- Plant embryology --- Plant morphology --- Morphogenesis --- Leaves

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The focus of this Special Issue was on biomass ash valorization with respect to their potential for various material applications. Most of the publications in this Special Issue focused on the production of biogenic silica with different properties. Additionally, some of the publications considered application of biomass ashes and biochar as a fertilizer, for soil amendment and recovery of ash forming elements such as N and P, as well as the application of biomass feedstocks in biofuel production.Accordingly, ashes produced from the thermochemical conversion of agricultural residues have high potential to be utilized for different material applications. However, local availability, as well as scaling up the process and life-cycle assessment should be considered prior to the utilization of these materials. Furthermore, densification as a mechanical pre-treatment can be crucial to improve the fuel properties, while purification of some of the ash forming elements, such as calcium, potassium, and prosperous should also not be disregarded in future investigations.

rice husk --- rice husk ash --- silica --- engineered particle --- bottom-up process --- silica extraction --- valorization --- agricultural byproduct --- sustainable material --- biomass --- renewable material --- biogenic amorphous silica --- green chemistry --- maize leaves --- sugarcane fiber --- sugarcane leaves --- sugarcane pith --- biorefinery --- multi-objectives RSM --- nano-silica --- de-ashing --- cellulose crystals --- carbon nanotubes --- cellulose --- sugarcane bagasse --- capacitance --- maize straw --- acid leaching --- ash --- pyrolysis --- nitrogen conversion --- wood ash --- fertilizer --- heat and power plants --- heavy metals --- nutrients --- German fertilizer legislation --- alkaline leaching --- continuous process --- bio-based material --- waste --- exhausted grape marc --- biochar --- soil amendment --- biogas --- lifecycle assessment --- greenhouse gas emissions --- mitigation potential --- GHG mitigation costs --- manure --- biomethane --- RED II --- EU ETS --- smoldering --- high moisture content --- specific surface area --- rice straw --- nanosilica --- methylene blue --- zero waste generation --- decolorization --- SDGs --- municipal sewage sludge --- energy recovery --- phosphorus recovery --- techno-economic analysis --- mono-combustion --- co-combustion --- n/a

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This Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Science comprises a comprehensive study on “Antimicrobial Materials with Medical Applications”. The Special Issue has been inspired by the great progress made in the development of new antimicrobial materials that go beyond the resistance of microbes to modern antibiotics. It covers a selection of recent research and review articles in the field of antimicrobial materials and their medical applications. Moreover, it also provides an overview of this increasingly diverse field, presenting recent developments and the latest research, with particular emphasis on new antimicrobial surfaces, medical devices, contact lens, package materials, etc.

bisdemethoxycurcumin --- curcumin --- curcuminoid --- demethoxycurcumin --- photodynamic inactivation --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Staphylococcus epidermis --- prosthetic joint infection --- fracture-related infection --- bone graft substitute --- revision arthroplasty --- local antibiotic --- antimicrobial activity --- oxo-titanium(IV) complexes --- polymer-inorganic composites --- physicochemical properties --- thermal properties --- multi-functionalized cellulose microfibers --- controlled release --- wound dressing --- antioxidant activity --- sericin --- AgNPs --- ZnO --- green synthesis --- cavity disinfection --- antimicrobial substances --- chlorhexidine --- adhesion --- bonding --- dental caries --- Cr2O3 --- Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet --- antibacterial --- anticancer --- antioxidant --- biocompatibility --- metallic nanoparticles --- silver --- gold --- synthesis --- characterization --- surface reactivity --- stability --- antibacterial activity --- Escherichia coli --- multidrug resistant bacteria --- silver nanoparticles --- oregano leaves’ extract --- antimicrobial materials --- hydrogels --- contact lens --- plasma electrolytic oxidation --- additive manufacturing --- titanium bone implants --- antibacterial biomaterials --- surface biofunctionalization --- implant-associated infection --- cavity disinfectants --- primary teeth --- bond strength --- face shield --- facial protective equipment --- SARS-CoV-2 --- phage phi 6 --- MRSA --- MRSE --- polyethylene terephthalate --- benzalkonium chloride --- COVID-19 --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- bioreduction --- biocapping agent --- bionanofactories --- biomedical --- n/a --- oregano leaves' extract